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Hematology > Day 1 > Flashcards

Day 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hematology.

A

science or study of blood

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2
Q

What is the total volume of blood in an adult and what is it’s composition?

A

6 liters ; 45% formed elements (erythrocytes,leukocytes, thrombocytes) 55% plasma

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3
Q

what is plasma composed of ?

A 
Water
Proteins
Carbohydrates 
Vitamins
Hormones
Enzymes 
Lipids
Salts
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4
Q

What is the major function on erythrocytes?

A

Transport oxygen to tissues; collect CO2 from tissues to be exhaled as waste product

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5
Q

What is the life span on RBCs?

A

120 days

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6
Q

List the 5 types of Leukocytes

A 
Neutrophils 
Basophils 
Eosinophils 
Lymphocytes 
Monocytes
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7
Q

What is the major function of monocytes?

A

Engulf bacteria and large materials; interacts w/ lymphs in process of antigen “infections”

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8
Q

Major function of lymphocytes?

A

Responsible for antibody production

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9
Q

Major function of Eosinophils?

A

Phagocytize antigen- antibody reactants ; increased in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

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10
Q

What is the major function of granulocytes?

A

Phagocytize bacteria and other microscopic material which are incorporated into cell vacuoles

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11
Q

Platelets are also called ____________, which are fragments of _________________.

A

Thrombocytes; megakaryocytes

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12
Q

What is the life span of platelets?

A

10days

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13
Q

What is the major function of thrombocytes?

A

Hemostasis( clotting of blood)

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14
Q

what organ does the left pump send blood to?

A

Peripheral organs

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15
Q

What organ does the right pump send blood to?

A

The lungs

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16
Q

Functions principally as an entryway to the ventricle, but also pumps weakly to move blood into the ventricle

A

Atrium

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17
Q

Supplies the main force that propels the blood through either pulmonary or peripheral circulation

A

Ventricle

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18
Q

what are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries

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19
Q

Have strong vascular walls and transport blood under HIGH pressure to the tissues

A

Arteries

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20
Q

Are very thin walled, yet muscular vessels, muscularity allows them to expand or contract and act as a reservoir for extra blood and transport blood from tissues back to the heart

A

Veins

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21
Q

Collect blood from the capillaries

A

Venules

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22
Q

Small branches of the arterial system that act as control valves through which blood is released into capillaries

A

Arterioles

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23
Q

Very thin walled cylinders that are permeable to small molecular substances that exchange fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and other substances between the blood and interstitial space

A

Capillaries

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24
Q

What 2 types of circulation are involved in main circulation?

A

Pulmonary and Systemic

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25
Q

Blood circulates to the lungs for oxygenation

A

Pulmonary circulation

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26
Q

Blood from the left ventricle is sent to all parts of the body and the back to the right atrium

A

Systemic Circulation

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27
Q

Left ventricle contracts, blood is forced through the aortic valve into the aorta

A

Systemic circulation

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28
Q

Venous blood returning from the body enters the right atrium through “superior” or “inferior” vena cava into the right ventricle through the atrioventricular(tricuspid) valve

A

Pulmonary circulation

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29
Q

Right ventricle contracts then blood is forced into the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary circulation

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30
Q

Arteries, Arterioles, and capillaries carry blood to all parts of the body

A

Systemic circulation

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31
Q

Blood is carried to the lungs and through diffusion, waster(CO2) is exchanged for oxygen

A

Pulmonary circulation

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32
Q

Oxygenated blood is then returned to the left atrium via pulmonary vein

A

Pulmonary circulation

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33
Q

Veins return the blood to the right atrium

A

Systemic circulation

34
Q

What are the two subsystems?

A

Coronary and Portal circulation

35
Q

Circulation of venous blood from the G.I tract and spleen, through the liver and out of the inferior vena cava through the hepatic veins

A

Portal circulation

36
Q

Circulation of blood through the muscular tissues of the heart

A

Coronary circulation

37
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Respiration permits oxygenation
Transport of nutrients
Excretory
Hemostasis

38
Q

List the two types of respiration

A

External and internal

39
Q

exchange of gas between the alveoli of the lungs and the circulating blood

A

External Respiration

40
Q

What are the 4 gases included in external respiration?

A

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Water vapor

41
Q

How does gas exchange occur?

A

By pressure gradient

42
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Blood cell production

43
Q

In early fetal life, where are blood cells formed ?

A

In many body tissues, mainly liver and spleen

44
Q

When does bone marrow become the source of production of blood cells?

A

After fourth month of fetal life

45
Q

Up to age _____, all bone marrow produces cells.

A

Five

46
Q

Between ages 5-7 what happens?

A
  • The shaft (diaphysis) of the long bones stop producing cells
  • Fat cells replace active marrow
  • Red marrow is gradually replaced by yellow marrow through maturity
47
Q

By the age 18-20, where does red marrow remain ?

A 
Vertebrae 
Ribs
Sternum
Skull
Ends of the long bones
48
Q

What does the bone marrow produce?

A
  • Granulocytes(neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils)
  • Monocytes
  • RBCs
49
Q

When can bone marrow become more active ?

A
  • If there is a large loss of RBCs and a demand for increased production occurs
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Chronic hemorrhage
50
Q

What abnormal effect does aplastic anemia and leukemia have on the bone marrow, as far as production of blood cells are concerned?

A

Bone marrow can become totally suppressed and cease to function

51
Q

Plays a role in lymphocyte production but primary production occurs in the bone marrow

A

Lymphatic System

52
Q
  • can produce RBCs, monocytes and lymphocytes

- filters and stores blood in large quantities to discharge as needed

A

Spleen

53
Q

When does the liver start producing blood?

A

Second month of fetal life

54
Q

When does leukocyte production begin?

A

3rd or 4th month of gestation until a few weeks prior to birth

55
Q

What system breaks down and destroys old and worn out RBCs?

A

Reticuloendothelial System (RES)

56
Q

Located in the blood sinusoids in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lining of the lymph channels of the lymph nodes

A

RES cells

57
Q

What happens to the heme portion(without the iron) of RBCs after their destruction?

A

A waste product and is eventually converted into bilirubin and excreted.

58
Q

What happens to the heme portion (with iron) of RBCs after their destruction?

A

Is returned to the iron storage pool

59
Q

How much hemoglobin is in an erythrocytes?

A

34%

60
Q

What is the life span of an RBC?

A

120 days

61
Q

Where do leukocytes enter and leave during life span?

A

Peripheral blood

62
Q

What is the body’s primary defense against infection?

A

Leukocytes

63
Q

Thrombocytes form a plug (AKA _________) to help stop bleeding and aid in __________.

A

Thrombus ; hemostasis

64
Q

What is the most commonly performed hematology procedure?

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

65
Q

According to NCCLS, what 7 items are included in a CBC?

A 
Hemoglobin 
Hematocrit
RBC Count
WBC Count
RBC Morphology 
WBC Differential 
Platelet Estimate
66
Q

Why is EDTA the preferred anticoagulant for Hematological studies?

A

Prevent coagulation by binding calcium
Preserves morphology of cellular elements
Stable up to 24hrs at 4°C

67
Q

What are unsuitable samples and why?

A

Hemolysis because the laying of RBCs falsely decreases RBC count

Clots because it falsely decreases CBC values

68
Q

Properly collected anticoagulated blood will separate into 3 distinct layers. What are they?

A

Plasma
Buffy coat(WBCs and platelets)
RBCs

69
Q

What do color changes in plasma result from?

A

Disease process or improper handling

70
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

All fluid and cellular element are in a constant stat of exchange and the exchange leads to equilibrium

71
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The difference in concentration on either side of the membrane

72
Q

If the concentration of the solution on both sides is _______, the osmotic pressure is ________.

A

Equal; Zero

73
Q

Plasma is __________.

A

Isotonic

74
Q

The concentration of the ____________________________ is the same as the concentration ________________.

A

Diluent the RBC is immersed in; inside the RBC

75
Q

Diluents used in hematology should also be isotonic so that cells are (affected/not affected).

A

Not affected

76
Q

What is the isotonic saline solution?

A

0.85 g/dl NaCl

77
Q

The diluent is less concentrated than the inside of the RBC

A

Hypotonic Solution

78
Q

Diluent outside of the RBC is more concentrated than the inside of the RBC.

A

Hypertonic solution

79
Q

Diluent passes into the RBC

A

Hypotonic solution

80
Q

RBCs swell and eventually rupture or hemolyze

A

Hypotonic solution

81
Q

Fluid passes from RBC to diluent

A

Hypertonic solution

82
Q

RBCs shrink and become cremated from loss of liquid

A

Hypertonic solution

Hematology (6 decks)

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