Data quality and research Design 1 Flashcards
Personality Traid
The combination of how people think, feel, and behave
Personality
An individuals characteristics patterns of Thought, Emotion and Behavior
Basic approaches
Personality psy is organized around several basic approaches
Trait approach
Focuses on how differences might be measured and followed over time
Biological Approach
includes anatomy physiology genetics and evolution
Psychoanalytic approach
Unconscious mind and the nature and resolution of internal mental conflict
Phenomenological approach
focuses on peoples conscious experience of the world
Humanistic
Conscious awareness produces uniquely human attributes understand meaning and basis of happiness
cross-cultural
The experience of reality might be different across cultures
Learning
How behavior changes due to rewards punishments etc
Social learning
How observation and self-evaluation determine behavior
Cognitive Personality
Focuses on cognitive processes including perception, memory and thought
Funders First Law
Great strengths are usually great weaknesses opposite is true
Research
The exploration of the unknown
Technical Training
How to use and apply what is already known
Funders Second law
There are no perfect indicators of personality there are only clues and clues are ambiguous
something beats nothing two times out of three
S- data self judgements/ sekf reports..High face validity
An instrument appears to be measuring what it is actually intended to (personality questions)
Advantages of S data
Large amount of info, you know yourself, you are your best expert, self verification(trying to get others to see you how you do)
Disadvantages
Bias: Overly pos/neg. Desire for privacy. faking. distortion of memory, lack of self insight and carelessness
Informant Data
see how people are observed by family and friends. May be more accurate then self judgments
Judgments: Based on observation someone in an everyday environment
Advantages of informant data
Large amount of info, many behaviors in many different situations. Real world basis, no tests relevant for important outcomes
Disadvantages of I data
Limited behavioral info. lack of access to private experiences and behaviors Error, more likely to remember extreme behaviors
Life outcome Data
You can see how someone is doing in real life outcomes you can obtain information by looking to resumes or career logs
Advantages of L data
Objective and verifiable. intrinsic importance. psychological relevance
Disadvantages of L data
Multi determinational. not just one factor, many reasons and outcomes
Natural B data
Gathered by observing a person or having them record themselves
Diary and experience sampling
the person observes themselves rather then a psychologist or trained person
EAR
electronically activated recorder wearable camera
Ambulatory Assessment
using computer-assisted methods to asses behavior, thoughts and feelings during normal activities (tiktok)
Laboratory B data
Observing behavior in the lab observations come in two categories
Behavioral Experiments
Make a situation happen and record behavior
examines reactions to situations
represent real life contexts that are difficult to observe
Physiological measures
gives us info on biological behavior
Advantages of B-data
wide rang of contexts, Researchers con construct situations
Appearance of objectivity
less distortion and exaggeration
however subjectivity judgements must still be mad
Disadvantages Of B data
requires lots of time and effort and can be expensive since special equipment is needed.
Behaviors may not mean what we think they do
Funder: B-data without s or I data are psychologically uninterpretable
Behavioroid
Participants report what they think they would do. this is a mix of s data and B data
S-data and B data personality tests
Most personality tests provide S data.
Others personality tests yield B data
Is intelligence a personality trait
Tests of intelligence or IQ tests also yield B-data
Projective tests
The person may or may not be aware of the inner processes
Draw-A-Person tests
Interpreted based on what kind of person is drawn
Thematic Apperception tests (TAT)
Tell stories about drawings of people and ambiguous events used to asses motivational events
Projective Tests
Analysis of content stories, letters, and speeches. Mostly down by clinical psy
most used with Wechsler Intelligence tests and Inkblot tests and TAT
Disadvantages
Validity experience is scarce. Expensive and time consuming. Psychologists cant be sure what they mean. sometimes are used inappropriately
Advantages
Good for breaking the ice, skilled clinicians use these to get info not captured by controlled research
Personality tests: Objective tests
Questions seem more objective and less open for interpretation
Commonality scale
not very useful for personality measurement
Rational method
write items that seem directly, obviously, and rationally related to what is being measured
Based on theory, but sometimes less systematic
* Woodworth Personality Data Sheet in WWI
* Provides S-data
Four Conditions for validity
- Items mean the same thing to the test taker and creator
- Capability for accurate self-assessment
- Willingness to make an accurate and undistorted report
- Items must be valid indicators of what is being
measured
Methods of objective tests construction: Rational
Most rationally constructed tests do not meet all four conditions
continue to be the most common form of psy measurement
Face validity
Rational tests seek to measure exactly what they seem to be measured on their “face”
Methods of Objective Test Construction: Factor Analytic
A statistical technique that identifies groups of things that seem to have something in common
Steps for using this method
- Generate a long list of objective items
- Administer these items to a large number of people
- Analyze with a factor analysis
- Consider what the items that group together have in
common and name the factor
Three Questionnaire Items That Measure the Same Factor
If these three items are correlated with each other—
that is, people who answer True to the first item tend to answer True to the second one and False to the
third—they might all “load on” (or measure) a common psychological factor.
Methods of Objective Test Construction:
Empirical
Empirical method: Identify items based on how people
in preidentified groups respond
* Gather many items
* Use a sample of people already divided into groups
* Administer test
* Compare the answers of the different groups
Cross-validation:
Determine whether the test can
predict behavior, diagnosis, or category membership in
a new sample
Methods of Objective Test Construction:
Mixed
A combination of methods
* Generate items with rational method, analyze
responses with factor analysis, and correlate
factors with independent criteria.
* Any personality scale must show that it can
predict what people do, how they are seen by
others, and how they fare in life
