data meaning

Question 1

what does reliability mean?

Answer 1

• consistency of a given tool over a set period of time (usually 1-2 weeks)

Question 2

if a study is reliable what should the values be?

Answer 2

• very close when measured using similar conditions with same people

Question 3

how is reliability tested and what are the different types?

Answer 3

• analysed using correlational statistics e.g. intra- class correlations
• inter- rater, test- retest and internal consistency

Question 4

what does validity mean?

Answer 4

• indicates ability of a given tool to measure what it is intended to measure

Question 5

how is validity determined?

Answer 5

• by comparison of the tool to gold standard assessment

Question 6

how is validity analysed and what are the different types?

Answer 6

• analysed using statistical tests e.g. Cronbach’s alpha
• content, construct, criterion and face validity

Question 7

do you need validity for reliability and visa versa?

Answer 7

• for a tool to be valid it must be reliable
• tool can be reliable and not valid

Question 8

what are the strengths of body mass index?

Answer 8

+ easy and inexpensive
+ strongly associated with risk of chronic diseases/ premature mortality
- established standard values linked with risk levels

Question 9

what are the limitations of body mass index?

Answer 9

• does not measure body fatness/ composition
• cannot account for high levels of muscle or age- related loss of height
• less appropriate for use with individuals (vs populations) and predicting disease risk

Question 10

what may reliance on BMI alone result in?

Answer 10

• misclassification of individuals who may otherwise be automatically considered as obese

Question 11

what are the strengths of waist to hip ratio?

Answer 11

+ easy and inexpensive
+ strongly associated with various chronic diseases/ premature mortality
+ established standard values linked with risk levels

Question 12

what are the limitations of waist to hip ratio?

Answer 12

• doesn’t measure amount/ location
• difficult to measure with accuracy particularly those overweight
• validity/ reliability dependent on if pt has bare skin showing (no clothes)

Question 13

what are the strengths of hand grip dynamometry?

Answer 13

+ easy and inexpensive
+ consistently associated with future disability, morbidity and mortality
+ established standard values have been linked with risk levels

Question 14

what are the limitations of hand grip dynamometry?

Answer 14

• difficult to measure with accuracy e.g. pts with hand- joint pain
• requires maximal effort
• validity/ reliability depends upon measuring consistency; harmonizing protocols

Question 15

what is the short physical performance battery test?

Answer 15

• assesses lower body function
• composite test ; balance, walking and chair stand test

Question 16

what is SPPB strongly associated with in older adults?

Answer 16

• frailty, mobility disability, risk for falls, premature mortality, number of hospitalisations

Question 17

what are the strengths of short physical performance battery?

Answer 17

+ easy, inexpensive and rapid
+ performed across diff settings
+ established cut off values that associate w risk of falls, mortality

Question 18

what are the limitations of short physical performance battery?

Answer 18

• requires assessor (timing/ close monitoring if severe mobility disability)
• ceiling effect (highest possible score on a measurement too low)
• intra and inter rater reliability crucial

Question 19

describe the beep test ; is there any normative standards?

Answer 19

• estimates maximum aerobic capacity (V02 max)
• normative standards based on age, sex and level/ number of shuttles

Question 20

what are the strengths of the beep test?

Answer 20

+ valid ‘proxy’ measure of maximal 02 uptake
+ inexpensive
+ measures large amount of people
+ test continues to maximal effort

Question 21

what are the limitations of the beep test?

Answer 21

• practice/ motivation affects score
• environmental conditions affects performance
• inappropriate for those with health conditions

Question 22

what are the strengths of the toe touch test?

Answer 22

+ simple, inexpensive and quick
+ requires minimal equipment

Question 23

what are the limitations of the toe touch test?

Answer 23

• score affected by amount of warm up
• variation in arm, trunk and leg length makes it difficult to compare performance between individuals

Question 24

are there normative standards for toe touch test?

Answer 24

• no
• touching the ground = high flexibility
• further the fingers away from the ground means lower flexibility

Question 25

what are the strengths of the back stretch test?

Answer 25

+ simple, inexpensive and quick
+ requires minimal equipment

Question 26

what are the limitations of the back scratch test?

Answer 26

• score affected by warm up
• variation in arm+ hand length

Question 27

are there normative standards for back scratch test?

Answer 27

• yes, based on age and gender
• higher score means the better the shoulder range of motion

Question 28

what are the strengths of the two hop jump test?

Answer 28

+ simple, inexpensive and quick
+ requires minimal equipment

Question 29

what are the limitations of the two hop jump test?

Answer 29

• requirement for balance and coordination to perform the test
• score affected by warm up

Question 30

does the two hop jump test have normative standards?

Answer 30

• no
• the further one can jump= higher leg power