data meaning Flashcards
what does reliability mean?
- consistency of a given tool over a set period of time (usually 1-2 weeks)
if a study is reliable what should the values be?
- very close when measured using similar conditions with same people
how is reliability tested and what are the different types?
- analysed using correlational statistics e.g. intra- class correlations
- inter- rater, test- retest and internal consistency
what does validity mean?
- indicates ability of a given tool to measure what it is intended to measure
how is validity determined?
- by comparison of the tool to gold standard assessment
how is validity analysed and what are the different types?
- analysed using statistical tests e.g. Cronbach’s alpha
- content, construct, criterion and face validity
do you need validity for reliability and visa versa?
- for a tool to be valid it must be reliable
- tool can be reliable and not valid
what are the strengths of body mass index?
+ easy and inexpensive
+ strongly associated with risk of chronic diseases/ premature mortality
- established standard values linked with risk levels
what are the limitations of body mass index?
- does not measure body fatness/ composition
- cannot account for high levels of muscle or age- related loss of height
- less appropriate for use with individuals (vs populations) and predicting disease risk
what may reliance on BMI alone result in?
- misclassification of individuals who may otherwise be automatically considered as obese
what are the strengths of waist to hip ratio?
+ easy and inexpensive
+ strongly associated with various chronic diseases/ premature mortality
+ established standard values linked with risk levels
what are the limitations of waist to hip ratio?
- doesn’t measure amount/ location
- difficult to measure with accuracy particularly those overweight
- validity/ reliability dependent on if pt has bare skin showing (no clothes)
what are the strengths of hand grip dynamometry?
+ easy and inexpensive
+ consistently associated with future disability, morbidity and mortality
+ established standard values have been linked with risk levels
what are the limitations of hand grip dynamometry?
- difficult to measure with accuracy e.g. pts with hand- joint pain
- requires maximal effort
- validity/ reliability depends upon measuring consistency; harmonizing protocols
what is the short physical performance battery test?
- assesses lower body function
- composite test ; balance, walking and chair stand test
what is SPPB strongly associated with in older adults?
- frailty, mobility disability, risk for falls, premature mortality, number of hospitalisations
what are the strengths of short physical performance battery?
+ easy, inexpensive and rapid
+ performed across diff settings
+ established cut off values that associate w risk of falls, mortality
what are the limitations of short physical performance battery?
- requires assessor (timing/ close monitoring if severe mobility disability)
- ceiling effect (highest possible score on a measurement too low)
- intra and inter rater reliability crucial
describe the beep test ; is there any normative standards?
- estimates maximum aerobic capacity (V02 max)
- normative standards based on age, sex and level/ number of shuttles
what are the strengths of the beep test?
+ valid ‘proxy’ measure of maximal 02 uptake
+ inexpensive
+ measures large amount of people
+ test continues to maximal effort
what are the limitations of the beep test?
- practice/ motivation affects score
- environmental conditions affects performance
- inappropriate for those with health conditions
what are the strengths of the toe touch test?
+ simple, inexpensive and quick
+ requires minimal equipment
what are the limitations of the toe touch test?
- score affected by amount of warm up
- variation in arm, trunk and leg length makes it difficult to compare performance between individuals
are there normative standards for toe touch test?
- no
- touching the ground = high flexibility
- further the fingers away from the ground means lower flexibility
what are the strengths of the back stretch test?
+ simple, inexpensive and quick
+ requires minimal equipment
what are the limitations of the back scratch test?
- score affected by warm up
- variation in arm+ hand length
are there normative standards for back scratch test?
- yes, based on age and gender
- higher score means the better the shoulder range of motion
what are the strengths of the two hop jump test?
+ simple, inexpensive and quick
+ requires minimal equipment
what are the limitations of the two hop jump test?
- requirement for balance and coordination to perform the test
- score affected by warm up
does the two hop jump test have normative standards?
- no
- the further one can jump= higher leg power
