Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Prescribing skills assessment > Data interpretation trickery > Flashcards

Data interpretation trickery Flashcards

1
Q

How do you narrow the differentials of low Hb?

A

Look at the mean cell volume (micro vs macro)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Whats the first rule of assessing hyponatreamia?

A

Look at the patients fluid status

  • Hypovolaemic
  • Euvolaemic
  • Hypervolaemic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the causes of hypernatraemia?

A

Four D’s

  • Dehydration
  • Drips (too much IV saline)
  • Drugs
  • Diabetes insipidus (opposite of SIADH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the causes of a microcytic anaemia?

A

1* - Iron deficiency

  • Thalassemia
  • Sideroblastic anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the causes of normocytic anaemia?

A
  • Anaemia of chronic disease
  • Acute blood loss
  • Heamolytic anaemia
  • Renal failure (Chronic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A

B12/folate deficiency
Excess alcohol
Liver disease

Hypothryroidism
Heamotological disease i.e Myeloproliferative, myelodysplastic, multiple myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes a neutrophilia?

A

High neutrophils:
- Bacterial infection
- Tissue damage i.e inflammation, infarction, malignancy

  • STEROIDS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can cause a neutropenia?

A

Low Neutrophils

  • Viral infection
  • Chemo or radiotherapy
  • CLOZAPINE (Antipsych)
  • CARBIMAZOLE (Antithyroid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes lymphocytosis?

A
  • Viral infection
  • Lymphoma
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can cause a thrombocytopenia?

Think mechanism

A

Low platelets

Reduced production
- infection (usually viral)
- Drugs (i.e pinacliinamine in rheumatoid tx)
- Myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis, myeloma

Increased destruction:
- Heparin
- Hypersplenism
- DIC
- idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Heamolytic uraemic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes high platelets?

A

Reactive:
- Bleeding
- Tissue damage (infection/inflammation/malignancy)
- Post splenectomy

Primary
- Myeloproliferative disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes SIADH?

A

S - Small cell lung cancer
I - Infection
A - Abscess
D - Drugs i.e carbamazepine and antipsychotics
H - Head injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the causes of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia?

A

Hypovolaemic:
- Fluid loss (D+V)
- Addisons
- Diuretics (any type)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the causes of euvolaemic hyponatraemia?

A
  • SIADH
  • Psychogenic polydypsia
  • Hypothyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes hypokalemia?

A

DIRE

D - Drugs (loop and thiazide diuretics)
I - Inadequate intake or intestinal loss (D+V)
R - Renal tubular acidosis
E - Endocrine (cushings and crohns disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the causes of hypervolaemic hyponatraemia?

A
  • Heart failure
  • Renal failure
  • Thyroid failure
  • Hypoalbuminaemia caused by
    -> Liver failure
    -> Nutritional failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What causes hyperkalaemia?

A

DREAD

D - Drugs )K sparring diuretics and ACE-inhibitors)
R - Renal failure
E - Endocrine (addisons disease)
A - Artefact (clotting)
D - DKA

18
Q

What does a raised urea indicate?

A

Kidney injury or upper GI bleed

19
Q

Whats the biochemical disturbance pattern of a pre-renal AKI?

A

UREA&raquo_space; Creatinine rise

i.e Urea 19mmol (3.5-7.5) and creatinine 110 (35-125)

20
Q

What are the causes of pre-renal AKI?

A
  • Dehydration (or severe shock) -> sepsis, blood loss etc
  • Renal artery stenosis (which when combined with ACEi or NSAIDS results in AKI)
21
Q

What is the biochemical patter of an intrinsic renal AKI?

A

Urea &laquo_space;creatinine

Bladder or hydronephroses NOT palpable.

22
Q

What are the causes of intrinsic AKI?

A

INTRINSIC

I - Ischemia -> Acute tubular necrosis
N - Nephrotoxic Abx
R - Rad contrast
I - Injury - rabdo
N - Gout crystals
S - Syndromes
I - Inflam i.e vasculitis
C - Cholsterol emboli

23
Q

What are the common nephrotoxic drugs?

A

Gentamicin, vancomycin, tetracyclines

24
Q

What are the comon post renal AKI biochemical pictures?

A

Urea &laquo_space;Creatinine

Bladder or hydronephroses may be palpable

25
Q

What are the common causes of post renal AKI?

A

Lumen: Stone

Wall: Tumor, fibrosis

External: BPH, Aneurysm

26
Q

What are the markers you look for in hepatocellular injury or cholestasis:

A
  • BIlirubin
  • ALT, AST
  • ALP and CGT
27
Q

What are the synthetic markers of liver function?

A
  • Albumin
  • Vit K proteins Clotting factors 2,7,9,10 via PT and INR
28
Q

What can cause a raised ALP?

A

ALPKPHOS

A - Any #
L - Liver damage (post hep)
K - K for cancer
P - Pagets disease and pregnancy
H - Hyperparathyroidism
O - Osteomalacia
S - Surgery

29
Q

What marker do you get for prehapatic damage and what are the causes?

A

Isoalted raised bilirubin

  • Heamolysis
30
Q

What pattern of injury is there for an intrahepatic injury?

A
  • Increased bilirubin
  • Increased AST and ALT

Two T’s for inTTrahepatic

31
Q

What are the common causes of intrahepatic injury?

A
  • Fatty liver
  • Hepatitis (alc, virus, drugs; para, statins, rifampacin and autoimmune)
  • Cirrhosis
  • Malignancy
  • Metabolic (wilsons, heamochromatosis)
  • HF with hepatic congestion
32
Q

What is the biochemical pattern of posthepatic injury?

A
  • Raised bilirubin
  • Increased ALP and CGT
33
Q

What are the common causes of post hepatic injury?

A

Lumen:
- Stones
- Drugs causing cholestasis

Wall
- Cholangiocarcinoma
- 1* biliary cirrhosis
- Sclerosing cholangitis

Extrensic pressure
- Pancreatic or gastric cancer, lymph node

34
Q

What drugs can cause cholestasis?

A
  • Flucloxacillin
  • Co-amoxiclav
  • Nitrofurantoin
  • Steroids
  • Sulphonylureas
35
Q

Whats the rule of thumb for changing levothyroxine?

A
  • Unless grossly hypo/hyperthyroidism, change by the smallest increment
36
Q

What are the causes of primary hypothyroidism? Biochemical pattern?

A

Dec: T4
Inc: TSH

  • Hashimotos thyroiditis
  • Drug induced hypothyroidism
37
Q

What are the causes of secondary hypothyroidism? Whats the biochemical pattern?

A

Dec: T4 and TSH

  • Pituitary damage or tumour
38
Q

What are the causes of primary hyperthyroidism? Biochemical pattern?

A

Increased T4 and decreased TSH

  • Graves
  • Toxic nodular goiter
  • Drug induced hyperthyroidism
39
Q

Whats the pattern of secondary hyperthyroidism?

A

Increased TSH and T4.

Causes
- Pituitary tumor

40
Q

Describe the range of TSH values and how you would change levothyroxine:

A

TSH:
<0.5 - Decrease dose
0.5-5 - Increase dose
5+ Increase dose

41
Q
A

Prescribing skills assessment (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions