Data interpretation Flashcards
Causes of microcytic anaemia
Thalassaemia
sideroblastic anaemia
iron deficiency anaemia
Causes of normocytic anaemia
Anaemia od chronic disease
acute blood loss
haemolytic anaemia
renal failure (chronic)
Causes of macrocytic anaemia
B12/folate deficiency (megaloblastic) Excess alcohol Liver disease hypothyroidism haematological malignancies (myelodysplastic, myeloproliferative, multiple myeloma)
Causes of HYPOnatraemia
hypovolaemic - fluid loss (especially diarrhoe and vomiting), Addison’s disease, Diuretic
euvolaemic - SIADH (Small cell lung tumours, Infection, Abscess, Drugs [carbamazepine] and head injury), psychogenic polydipsia, hypothyroidism
Hypervolaemic - heart failure, renal failure, liver failure (causing hypoalbuminaemia), nutritional filaure, thyroid failure
Causes of HYPERnatraemia
Dehydration, drips (too much IV saline), drugs, diabetes insipidous
Causes of high neutrophils
bacterial infection, tissue damage, steroids
Causes of low neutrophils
viral infection, chemotherapy/radiotherapy, clozapine, carbimazole
Causes of high lymphocytes
viral infection, lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Causes of low platelets
reduced production - infection, drugs (penicillamine), myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis, myeloma
increased destruction - heparin, hypersplenism, disseminated intravascular coagulation, idiopathic throbocytopenic purpura, haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Causes of high platelets
reactive - bleeding, tissue damage, postsplenectomy
primary - myeloproliferative disorders
Causes of HYPOkalaemia
Drugs - loop and thiazide duiretics
Inadequate intake or intestinal loss
Renal tubular acidosis
Endocrine - Cushing’s and Conn’s syndrome
Causes of HYPERkalaemia
Drugs - potassium-sparing diuretics and ACE-inhibitors Renal failure Endocrine - Addison's Artefact - clotted sample DKA
Causes of pre-renal AKI
urea rise»_space; creatinine rise
dehydration of any cause e.g. sepsis, blood loss
renal artery stenosis
Causes of intrinsic AKI
urea rise << creatinine rise, bladder or hydronephrosis not palpable Ischaemia causing acute tubular necrosis Nephrotoxic antibiotics (gent., vanc., tetracyclines) Tablets - ACEi, NSAIDs Radiological contrast Injury - rhabdomyolysis Negatively birefringent crystals (gout) Syndromes (glomerulonephridities) Inflammation (vasculitis) Cholesterol emboli
Causes of post-renal AKI
urea rise «_space;creatinine rise, bladder may be palpable
stone, tumour, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, lymphadenopathy, aneurysm
LFTs
hepatocyte injury - bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP
synthetic function - albumin, vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX and X)
Isolated raised ALP
Any fracture Liver damage (post hepatic) Kancer Pagets disease of the bone and Pregnancy Hyperparathyroidism Osteomalacia Surgery
deranged LFTs - raised bilirubin
pre-hepatic causes - haemolysis, Gilberts and Crigler-Najjar syndromes
deranged LFTs - raised bilirubin and ALT/AST
intra-hepatic - fatty liver, hepatitis (alcohol, viruses, drugs and autoimmune), cirrhosis, malignancy , metabolic (Wilson’s disease/haemochromatosis), heart failure
derganed LFTs - raised bilirubin and ALP
post-heaptic (obstructive) - gallstone, drugs (fluclox, co-amox, nitro, steroids and sulphonylureas), tumour, PBC, sclerosing cholangitis, pancreatic/gastric cancer, lymph node
low T4, high TSH
primary hypothyroidism - hashimotos thyroiditis, dug-induced
low T4, low TSH
secondary hypothyroidism - pituitary tumour or damage
high T4, low TSH
primary hyperthyroidism - Graves, toxic nodular goiter, drug-induced
high T4, high TSH
secondary hyperthyroidism - pituitary tumour
