Data Interpretation Flashcards
What can cause a low haemoglobin but a high MCV?
B12/folate deficiency
Excess alcohol
Liver disease
Myeloma etc
What can cause a low haemoglobin but a normal MCV?
Anaemia of chronic disease
Haemolytic anaemia
Renal failure
What can cause a low haemoglobin but a low MCV?
Iron deficiency anaemia
Thalassemia
Name three causes of neutrophilia.
Bacterial infection
Steroids
Tissue damage (inflammation, infarct, malignancy)
Name three causes of neutropenia.
Viral infection
Clozapine/carbimazole
Chemotherapy/radiotherapy
Name three causes of lymphocytosis.
Viral infection
Lymphoma
CLL
Name five causes of thrombocytopenia.
Viral infection Heparin TTP/ITP/DIC/HUS Penicillamine Myeloma
Name three causes of thrombocytosis.
Bleeding
Tissue damage e.g. infection, inflammation, malignancy
Myeloproliferative disorders
What is the most important thing to assess in hyponatraemia?
Fluid status
What are the causes of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia?
Fluid loss
Diuretics
Addison’s
SIADH is the main cause of euvolaemic hyponatraemia, but what are the causes?
Small cell lung tumours Infection Abscess Drugs (carbamazepine) Head injury
What are the causes of hypervolaemic hyponatraemia?
HF
Renal failure
Liver failure
What are the 4Ds, the 4 causes of hypernatraemia?
Dehydration
Drips
Drugs
DI
What are the causes of hypokalaemia?
DIRE: Diuretics (loop and thiazide) Inadequate intake/intestinal loss Renal tubular acidosis Endocrine (Cushing's and Conn's)
What are the causes of hyperkalaemia?
DREAD: Drugs (K sparing diuretics and ACEIs) Renal failure Endocrine (Addison's) Artefact DKA
Kidney injury and upper GI haemorrhage are two differentials for which biochemical abnormality?
Raised urea
Haemolysis, Gilbert’s syndrome, and Crigler-Najjer syndrome, are the causes of which biochemical abnormality?
Isolated raised bilirubin
Which transaminase suggests an obstructive pathology?
ALP
Give three causes of a raised ALP.
Gallstones
PBC/PSC
Cholangiocarcinoma
Which liver enzymes suggest an intrahepatic pathology?
Bilirubin, AST, ALT
Give four causes of raised bilirubin, AST, and ALT.
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Fatty liver
Malignancy
How is the quality of a chest X-Ray film determined?
Projection
Rotation
Inspiration
Markings
What is the normal projection of a CXR?
PA
What suggests there is no rotation on a CXR?
Distance between spinous processes and clavicles are equal
How do you know if inspiration is adequate on a CXR?
7th anterior rib transects the diaphragm
What suggests a pleural effusion on a CXR?
Unilateral
White area
Solid
What suggests pulmonary oedema on a CXR?
Bilateral
White area
Fluffy
What suggests pulmonary fibrosis on a CXR?
Bilateral
White area
Honeycombed
In a lung collapse and pneumothorax, in which direction does the trachea deviate towards?
Collapse - towards affected side
Pneumo - away from affected side
What may suggest TB or an apical tumour on a CXR?
Apices not clear
What is suggested by blunted costophrenic angles on a CXR?
Pleural effusion
On which side, is air under the hemidiaphragm considered abnormal?
Right - bowel perforation
left - normal gastric bubble
Hyperventilation (from disease or anxiety) leads to what metabolic abnormality?
Respiratory alkalosis
Name three causes of metabolic alkalosis.
Vomiting
Diuretics
Conn’s syndrome
Name three causes of metabolic acidosis.
Lactic acidosis
DKA
Renal failure
What does 1% mean?
1 in 100
So 1g in 100ml
Or 10mg (0.01g) in 1ml
How does the dose of LMWH transfer to units?
1mg/kg - 100 units/kg
Which drug should be increased during surgery?
Steroids
How long before surgery should COCP and HRT be stopped for?
4 weeks
Which drugs should be stopped on the day of surgery?
K sparing diuretics
ACEIs
Anticoags and antiplatelets
Oral hypoglycaemic drugs
