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PSA > Data Interpretation > Flashcards

Data Interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause a low haemoglobin but a high MCV?

A

B12/folate deficiency
Excess alcohol
Liver disease
Myeloma etc

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2
Q

What can cause a low haemoglobin but a normal MCV?

A

Anaemia of chronic disease
Haemolytic anaemia
Renal failure

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3
Q

What can cause a low haemoglobin but a low MCV?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

Thalassemia

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4
Q

Name three causes of neutrophilia.

A

Bacterial infection
Steroids
Tissue damage (inflammation, infarct, malignancy)

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5
Q

Name three causes of neutropenia.

A

Viral infection
Clozapine/carbimazole
Chemotherapy/radiotherapy

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6
Q

Name three causes of lymphocytosis.

A

Viral infection
Lymphoma
CLL

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7
Q

Name five causes of thrombocytopenia.

A 
Viral infection
Heparin
TTP/ITP/DIC/HUS
Penicillamine
Myeloma
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8
Q

Name three causes of thrombocytosis.

A

Bleeding
Tissue damage e.g. infection, inflammation, malignancy
Myeloproliferative disorders

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9
Q

What is the most important thing to assess in hyponatraemia?

A

Fluid status

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10
Q

What are the causes of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia?

A

Fluid loss
Diuretics
Addison’s

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11
Q

SIADH is the main cause of euvolaemic hyponatraemia, but what are the causes?

A 
Small cell lung tumours
Infection
Abscess
Drugs (carbamazepine)
Head injury
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12
Q

What are the causes of hypervolaemic hyponatraemia?

A

HF
Renal failure
Liver failure

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13
Q

What are the 4Ds, the 4 causes of hypernatraemia?

A

Dehydration
Drips
Drugs
DI

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14
Q

What are the causes of hypokalaemia?

A 
DIRE:
Diuretics (loop and thiazide)
Inadequate intake/intestinal loss
Renal tubular acidosis
Endocrine (Cushing's and Conn's)
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15
Q

What are the causes of hyperkalaemia?

A 
DREAD:
Drugs (K sparing diuretics and ACEIs)
Renal failure
Endocrine (Addison's)
Artefact
DKA
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16
Q

Kidney injury and upper GI haemorrhage are two differentials for which biochemical abnormality?

A

Raised urea

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17
Q

Haemolysis, Gilbert’s syndrome, and Crigler-Najjer syndrome, are the causes of which biochemical abnormality?

A

Isolated raised bilirubin

18
Q

Which transaminase suggests an obstructive pathology?

A

ALP

19
Q

Give three causes of a raised ALP.

A

Gallstones
PBC/PSC
Cholangiocarcinoma

20
Q

Which liver enzymes suggest an intrahepatic pathology?

A

Bilirubin, AST, ALT

21
Q

Give four causes of raised bilirubin, AST, and ALT.

A

Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Fatty liver
Malignancy

22
Q

How is the quality of a chest X-Ray film determined?

A

Projection
Rotation
Inspiration
Markings

23
Q

What is the normal projection of a CXR?

A

PA

24
Q

What suggests there is no rotation on a CXR?

A

Distance between spinous processes and clavicles are equal

25
Q

How do you know if inspiration is adequate on a CXR?

A

7th anterior rib transects the diaphragm

26
Q

What suggests a pleural effusion on a CXR?

A

Unilateral
White area
Solid

27
Q

What suggests pulmonary oedema on a CXR?

A

Bilateral
White area
Fluffy

28
Q

What suggests pulmonary fibrosis on a CXR?

A

Bilateral
White area
Honeycombed

29
Q

In a lung collapse and pneumothorax, in which direction does the trachea deviate towards?

A

Collapse - towards affected side

Pneumo - away from affected side

30
Q

What may suggest TB or an apical tumour on a CXR?

A

Apices not clear

31
Q

What is suggested by blunted costophrenic angles on a CXR?

A

Pleural effusion

32
Q

On which side, is air under the hemidiaphragm considered abnormal?

A

Right - bowel perforation

left - normal gastric bubble

33
Q

Hyperventilation (from disease or anxiety) leads to what metabolic abnormality?

A

Respiratory alkalosis

34
Q

Name three causes of metabolic alkalosis.

A

Vomiting
Diuretics
Conn’s syndrome

35
Q

Name three causes of metabolic acidosis.

A

Lactic acidosis
DKA
Renal failure

36
Q

What does 1% mean?

A

1 in 100
So 1g in 100ml
Or 10mg (0.01g) in 1ml

37
Q

How does the dose of LMWH transfer to units?

A

1mg/kg - 100 units/kg

38
Q

Which drug should be increased during surgery?

A

Steroids

39
Q

How long before surgery should COCP and HRT be stopped for?

A

4 weeks

40
Q

Which drugs should be stopped on the day of surgery?

A

K sparing diuretics
ACEIs
Anticoags and antiplatelets
Oral hypoglycaemic drugs

PSA (4 decks)

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