Data Interpretation

Question 1

Causes of hyponatraemia

Answer 1

Hypovolaemic: GI losses, diuretics, Addison’s

Euvolaemic: SIADH, psychogenic polydipsia, hypothyroid

Hypervolaemic: HF, RF, LF

Question 2

Causes of hypernatraemia

Answer 2

Dehydration

Iatrogenic (too much saline)

Question 3

Causes of hypokalaemia

Answer 3

Diuretics
Inadequate intake
GI losses
Renal tubular acidosis
Endo: Cushing's, Conn's

Question 4

Causes of hyperkalaemia

Answer 4

Drugs: K-sparing diuretics, ACEI
Renal failure
Addison's
Artefact
DKA

Question 5

Causes of anaemia

Answer 5

Microcytic: iron deficiency, thalassaemia

Normocytic: acute blood loss, chronic disease, haemolytic anemia, chronic renal failure

Macrocytic: B12/folate deficiency, alcoholic, liver disease, hypothyroid, myeloproliferative

Question 6

Causes of neutropenia

Answer 6

Viral infection
Chemo or radiotherapy
Drugs: clozapine, carbamazepine

Question 7

Causes of neutrophilia

Answer 7

Bacterial infection
Tissue damage (inflam, infarct, ca)
Steroids

Question 8

Causes of lymphocytosis

Answer 8

Viral infection

Lymphoma, CLL

Question 9

Causes of thrombocytopenia

Answer 9

Reduced production:
Infection
Drugs (penicillamine)
Myelodysplastic

Increased destruction:
Heparin
Hypersplenism
DIC, ITP

Question 10

Causes of thrombocytosis

Answer 10

Reactive:
Bleeding
Tissue damage (inflammation, infraction, ca)
Post-splenectomy

Primary:
Myeloproliferative disorders

Question 11

Causes of AKI

Answer 11

Prerenal: dehydration/shock (any cause)

Renal: ischaemia, nephrotoxic drugs (ACEI, NSAIDS, abx - vanc, gent, doxy), contrast, gout, vasculitis, fat embolus, glomerulonephritides

Postrenal: lumen (stone), mural (ca, fibrosis), extramural (BPH, prostate ca, aneurysm, lymphadenopathy)