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Prescribing safety exam > Data interpretation > Flashcards

Data interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Data Interpretation section of the PSA test your ability to do?

A

Interpret blood results and identify abnormalities, assess imaging findings relevant to prescribing, identify drug-induced changes in blood tests or ECGs, use lab values to adjust medications appropriately.

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2
Q

What is the normal range for Sodium (Na⁺)?

A

135–145 mmol/L

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3
Q

Which drugs can cause Hyponatraemia?

A
  • SSRIs
  • Diuretics
  • Carbamazepine
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4
Q

What is the management for Hyponatraemia caused by drugs?

A

Stop drug, monitor sodium.

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5
Q

What is the normal range for Potassium (K⁺)?

A

3.5–5.0 mmol/L

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6
Q

Which drugs can cause Hyperkalaemia?

A
  • ACE inhibitors
  • Spironolactone
  • NSAIDs
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7
Q

What should be done in case of severe Hyperkalaemia?

A

Stop drug, calcium gluconate if severe.

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8
Q

What is the normal range for Creatinine (Cr)?

A

50–120 µmol/L

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9
Q

Which drugs are associated with renal impairment?

A
  • NSAIDs
  • Aminoglycosides
  • ACE inhibitors
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10
Q

What is the management for renal impairment due to drugs?

A

Stop nephrotoxic drugs, hydrate.

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11
Q

What is the normal range for eGFR?

A

> 90 mL/min

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12
Q

What does a decreased eGFR indicate?

A

Reduced in CKD due to drugs like NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, metformin.

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13
Q

What is the normal range for Urea?

A

2.5–7.5 mmol/L

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14
Q

What causes increased Urea levels?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Renal failure
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15
Q

What is the normal range for Liver enzymes (ALT/AST)?

A

ALT <40 U/L, AST <40 U/L

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16
Q

Which drugs can cause hepatotoxicity?

A
  • Statins
  • Methotrexate
  • Paracetamol overdose
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17
Q

What is the management for hepatotoxicity?

A

Stop hepatotoxic drug, monitor LFTs.

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18
Q

What is the normal range for Bilirubin?

A

<21 µmol/L

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19
Q

What drug can cause cholestasis leading to increased Bilirubin?

A

Co-amoxiclav, azathioprine.

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20
Q

What is the normal range for INR?

A

0.8–1.2 (normal), 2–3 (on warfarin)

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21
Q

What is the management for over-anticoagulation with warfarin?

A

Stop warfarin, give vitamin K if needed.

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22
Q

What is the normal range for HbA1c?

A

<48 mmol/mol (6.5%)

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23
Q

What does an increased HbA1c indicate?

A

Poor diabetes control.

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24
Q

What is the normal range for Thyroid function (TSH)?

A

TSH 0.5–5.0 mU/L

25
Q

Which drugs can lead to hypothyroidism?

A
  • Amiodarone
  • Lithium
26
Q

What is the management for hypothyroidism due to drugs?

A

Consider levothyroxine.

27
Q

What ECG change can be caused by SSRIs and antipsychotics?

A

QT prolongation.

28
Q

What is the management for QT prolongation?

A

Stop offending drug, monitor ECG.

29
Q

What is the treatment for Torsades de Pointes?

A

Magnesium sulfate IV.

30
Q

What can cause bradycardia?

A
  • Beta-blockers
  • Digoxin
  • Calcium channel blockers
31
Q

What is the management for bradycardia?

A

Reduce dose, consider atropine if severe.

32
Q

What can cause tachycardia?

A
  • Beta-agonists
  • Antimuscarinics
33
Q

What is the management for tachycardia?

A

Manage underlying cause.

34
Q

What ECG changes are associated with Hyperkalaemia?

A

Tall T waves, wide QRS.

35
Q

What is the management for Hyperkalaemia?

A

Calcium gluconate, insulin/dextrose.

36
Q

What ECG changes are associated with Hypokalaemia?

A

U waves, ST depression.

37
Q

What is the management for Hypokalaemia?

A

Potassium replacement.

38
Q

What common finding can a Chest X-ray (CXR) reveal?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis.

39
Q

Which drug is associated with pulmonary fibrosis on CXR?

A

Amiodarone, methotrexate.

40
Q

What can an Abdominal X-ray (AXR) show?

A

Constipation (dilated bowel loops).

41
Q

Which drugs can cause constipation seen on AXR?

A
  • Opioids
  • Anticholinergics
42
Q

What common finding can an MRI Brain reveal?

A

White matter changes.

43
Q

What condition is associated with white matter changes from natalizumab?

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

44
Q

What can a DEXA Scan reveal?

A

Osteoporosis.

45
Q

What is a common cause of osteoporosis seen in a DEXA Scan?

A

Long-term corticosteroid use.

46
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for an elderly patient with confusion and Na+ 125 mmol/L?

A

SSRI-induced hyponatraemia.

47
Q

What is the management for SSRI-induced hyponatraemia?

A

Stop SSRI, fluid restrict.

48
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for a patient on warfarin with INR 5.5?

A

Over-anticoagulation.

49
Q

What is the management for over-anticoagulation?

A

Stop warfarin, give vitamin K.

50
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for a patient using digoxin with K+ 6.2 mmol/L?

A

Digoxin toxicity.

51
Q

What is the management for digoxin toxicity?

A

Stop digoxin, ECG monitoring.

52
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for a patient on ACE inhibitor with Cr rise >30%?

53
Q

What is the management for AKI due to ACE inhibitors?

A

Stop ACE inhibitor, hydrate.

54
Q

What is the likely diagnosis for a patient with phenytoin level 25 mg/L and nystagmus?

A

Phenytoin toxicity.

55
Q

What is the management for phenytoin toxicity?

A

Reduce dose, monitor.

56
Q

What should you identify regarding drug-induced abnormalities in blood tests?

A

Identify drug-induced abnormalities in blood tests.

57
Q

What should you recognize regarding drug adjustments?

A

Recognise when a drug should be stopped or adjusted.

58
Q

What ECG changes should you know that are linked to which drugs?

A

Know which ECG changes are linked to which drugs.

59
Q

What reference should you use during the exam?

A

Use the BNF for reference.

Prescribing safety exam (15 decks)

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