data interpretation Flashcards
causes of hypernatraemia
all start with d
- dehydration
- drips
- drugs
- diabetes insipidus
neutrophil count caused by clozapine
low
neutrophil count caused by carbimazole
low
platelet count caused by penicillamine
low
platelet count caused by heparin
low
causes of SIADH
SIADH
- small cell lung tumour
- infection
- abscess
- drugs - carbamezepine
- head injury
hypokalemia drugs
DIRE
- drugs - loop and thiazide diuretics
- inadequate intake/loss (diarrhoea)
- renal tubular acidosis
- endocrine (cushings)
hyperkalaemia
DREAD
- drugs - potassium sparking and ACE
- renal failure
- endocrine (Addisons)
- artefact (clotted)
- DKA
raised urea indicates
kidney injury
upper GI bleed
raised bilirubin on its own indicates
prehepatic jaundice
raised bilirubin and raised AST/ALT indicates
intrahepatic
- hepatitis
- cirrhosis
- malignancy
raised bilirubin and ALP indicates
posthepatic (obstructive)
- stone
- drugs
what can cause metabolic alkalosis
vomiting
diuretics
conn syndrome
what is preferred instead of morphine in renal failure
oxycodone/fentanyl
signs of digoxin toxicity
confusion
nausea
visual halos
arrhythmias
signs of lithium toxicity
tremor
tiredness
arrhythmias
seizure
comas
signs of phenytoin toxicity
gum hypertrophy
ataxia
nystagmus
tetrogenicity
signs of gentamicin toxicity
ototoxicity
nephrotoxicity
signs of vancomycin toxicity
ototoxicity
nephrotoxicity
how to interpret paracetamol nomogram
if after 4 hours of ingestion that the plasma level is above the line then patient requires N-acetyl cysteine
management of paracetamol overdose
N-acetyl cysteine
what is a normal INR
1
target INR for most patients
2.5
what to do if patient has major bleed
stop warfarin
INR >8 give 5-10mg IV vitamin K
give prothrombin complex (beriplex)
