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PSA > Data Interpretation > Flashcards

Data Interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia?

A
  • Iron deficiency
  • Thalassaemia
  • Sideroblastic anaemia
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2
Q

Causes of normocytic anaemia?

A
  • Anaemia of chronic disease
  • Acute blood loss
  • Haemolytic anaemia
  • Renal failure (chronic)
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3
Q

Causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A
  • B12/folate deficiency
  • Pernicious anaemia
  • Excess alcohol
  • Liver disease
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Haematological diseases beginning with ‘M’: Myeloproliferative, myelodysplastic, multiple myeloma
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4
Q

Causes of high neutrophils? (Neutrophilia)

A
  • Bacterial infection
  • Tissue damage (inflammation, infarct, malignancy)
  • Steroids
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5
Q

Causes of low neutrophils? (Neutropenia)

A
  • Viral infection
  • CLOZAPINE
  • CARBIMAZOLE
  • Chemotherapy/ radiotherapy
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6
Q

Causes of high lymphocytes? (Lymphocytosis)

A
  • Viral infection
  • Lymphoma
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
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7
Q

How to treat chemo/radio induced neutropenic sepsis?

A
  • URGENT IV BROAD-SPEC ANTIBIOTICS
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8
Q

Causes of low platelets (thrombocytopenia)

A
  • Infection
  • Myelodysplasia/myelofibrosis/myeloma
  • Hypersplenism
  • DIC
  • ITP
  • Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

DRUGS:

  • Penicillamine (RA Tx)
  • Heparin
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9
Q

Causes of high platelets (thrombocytosis)

A
  • Bleeding
  • Tissue damage (infection/inflammation/malignancy)
  • Post-splenectomy
  • Myeloproliferative disorders
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10
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia

Hypovolaemic

A
  • Fluid loss (D+V)
  • Addison’s disease
  • Diuretics (any)
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11
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia

Euvolaemic

A
  • SIADH
  • Psychogenic polydipsia
  • Hypothyroidism (can also be hypervolaemic)
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12
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia

Hypervolaemic

A
  • Heart failure
  • Renal failure
  • Liver failure (hypoalbuminaemia)
  • Nutritional failure
  • Thyroid failure (can also be euvolaemic)
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13
Q

Causes of SIADH

A

SIADH:

  • S: Small cell lung tumours
  • I: Infection
  • A: Abscess
  • D: Drugs (carbamazepine, antipsychotics)
  • H: Head injury
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14
Q

Causes of hypokalaemia

A

DIRE

  • D: Drugs (loop/thiazide diuretics)
  • I: Inadequate intake or intestinal loss (D+V)
  • R: Renal tubular acidosis
  • E: Endocrine (Cushing’s/Conn’s)
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15
Q

Causes of hyperkalaemia

A

DREAD

  • D: Drugs (potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE-inhibitors)
  • R: Renal failure
  • E: Endocrine (Addison’s)
  • A: Artefact (clotted sample)
  • D: DKA (before treatment –> then see hypokalaemia requiring monitoring/replacement)
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16
Q

Raised urea

Normal creatinine

A
  • Upper GI bleed

- Look at Hb

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17
Q

Causes

a) raised bilirubin alone?

A

Prehepatic

  • Haemolysis
  • Gilbert’s and Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
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18
Q

Causes

b) raised bilirubin and raised AST/ALT

A

Intrahepatic

  • Fatty liver
  • Hepatitis
  • Cirrhosis
  • Malignancy
  • Wilson’s/haemochromatosis
  • HF (hepatic congestion)
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19
Q

Causes

c) raised billirubin and raised ALP

A

Posthepatic:

  • Lumen: gallstone, drugs causing cholestasis
  • Wall: tumour (cholangiocarcinoma), primary biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis
  • Extrinsic pressure: pancreatic or gastric cancer, lymph node
20
Q

Causes

d) drugs that cause cholestasis? (raised billi and ALP)

A
  • Flucloxacillin
  • Co-amoxiclav
  • Nitrofurantoin
  • Steroids
  • Sulphonylureas
21
Q

Causes

e) hepatitis/cirrhosis

A
  • Alcohol
  • Viruses (Hep A-E, CMV, EBV)
  • Drugs (Paracetamol OD, statins, rifampicin)
  • Autoimmune
22
Q

Causes

f) Raised ALP alone?

A

ALK PHOS

  • A: Any fracture
  • L: Liver damage (post hepatic)
  • K: K for cancer
  • P: Paget’s disease of bone
  • H: Hyperparathyroidism
  • O: Osteomalacia
  • S: Surgery
23
Q

TSH ranges and Levothyroxine doses

A

< 0.5: Decrease dose
0.5-5: Nil action, same dose
> 0.5: Increase dose

If need to change, change my smallest increment possible if not grossly hypo/hyper

24
Q

Non-drug causes of primary hypothyroidism

A
  • Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
25
Q

Non-drug causes of secondary hypothyroidism

A
  • Pituitary tumour or damage
26
Q

Non-drug causes of primary hyperthyroidism

A
  • Grave’s disease

- Toxic nodular goiter

27
Q

Non-drug causes of secondary hyperthyroidism

A
  • Pituitary tumours
28
Q

Drug causes of hypothyroidism

A
  • Amiodarone
  • Sulfonylureas
  • Lithium
  • Iodine
29
Q

Drug causes of hyperthyroidism

A
  • Amiodarone
30
Q

CXR

White lung marking differentials (4)

A
  • Effusion: unilateral, solid
  • Pneumonia: unilateral, fluffy
  • Oedema: bilateral, fluffy
  • Fibrosis: bilateral and honeycomb
31
Q

CXR

Deviated trachea differentials

A
  • Collapse (towards affected side)

- Pneumothorax (away from affected side)

32
Q

ABCDE of pulmonary oedema

A
  • Alveolar oedema
  • Kerley B lines
  • Cardiomegaly
  • Diversion of blood to upper lobes (dilated upper lobe vessels)
  • Pleural effusions
33
Q

4 other things to look for and indications

A
  • Costophrenic angles sharp? If not, pleural effusion
  • Air under R hemidiaphragm? Bowel perforation or recent surgery
  • Triangle behind heart? Lower lobe collapse
  • Apices clear? Consider TB or apical tumour
34
Q

Quick way to check if patient on oxygen is hypoxic

A

Subtract 10 from FiO2 (% of oxygen)

- If PaO2 exceeds this, they are not hypoxic

35
Q

Causes of resp alkalosis

A
  • Rapid breathing (disease or anxiety)
36
Q

Causes of resp acidosis

A
  • Type 2 resp failure causes
37
Q

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

A
  • Vomiting
  • Diuretics
  • Conn’s
38
Q

Causes of metabolic acidosis

A
  • DKA
  • Lactic acidosis
  • Renal failure
  • Ethanol intoxication
39
Q

Bundle branch block mnemonic and meanings

A

WiLLiaM MaRRoW

LBBB: first QRS in V1 looks like W, first QRS in V6 looks like M

RBBB: first QRS in V1 looks like M, first QRS in V6 looks like 6

40
Q

How to calculate ecg rate

A

divide 300 by large squares between QRS complexes

41
Q

P-waves differentials

A
  • Normal p waves < 1 large square apart = sinus tachy
  • Constant but > 1 large square = 1st degree HB
  • Increasing then missing = 2nd degree HB (type 1)
  • Two or three for each QRS = 2nd degree HB (type 2)
  • Random (no relationship) = 3rd degree HB/complete HB
  • No p waves = AF
42
Q

How to work out QRS height

A
  • Add largest deflection of QRS in V1 to that in V6
  • If sum > 3.5 large squares –> LVH
  • Small complexes throughout –> consider pericardial effusion
43
Q

ST segment differentials? (4)

A

Raised:

  • Infarction: ST segment flat and raised in some leads
  • Pericarditis: ST segment convex and raised in all leads

Depressed:

  • Ischaemia: ST segment flat and depressed in some leads
  • Digoxin Tx: ST segment down-sloping in all leads
44
Q

T wave height

A
  • High: hyperkalaemia

- Inversion: normal in aVR and I, but abnormal in other leads –> old infarction/LVH

45
Q

TSH and T4 levels

A

Primary hypothyroidism:
- Low T4, Raised TSH

Secondary hypothyroidism:
- Low T4, Low TSH

Primary hyperthyroidism:
- High T4, Low TSH

Secondary hyperthyroidism:
- High T4, High TSH

PSA (8 decks)

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