Data Handling And Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

what is primary data?

A
  • information collected directly from first-hand experience
  • specifically relates to purpose of the study
  • collected from interviews, observations, questionnaires etc
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2
Q

what would collecting primary data involve?

A
  • designing a study
  • gaining ethical approval
  • piloting the study
  • recruiting and testing participants
  • analysing data and drawing conclusions
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3
Q

what is a strength of primary data?

A

data collection is designed so it fits purpose of study

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4
Q

what is a limitation of primary data?

A

time-consuming and expensive

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of primary and secondary data?

A

quantitative and qualitative data

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6
Q

what is secondary data?

A

data was collected for a purpose other than the current study

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7
Q

what can secondary data include?

A
  • conducting met-analysis on data
  • review studies use secondary data
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8
Q

what are the strengths of secondary data?

A
  • simper and cheaper, less time consuming
  • data may already have been subjected to statistical testing (known if its significant)
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9
Q

what is a limitation of secondary data?

A

data may not exactly meet needs of the study

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10
Q

what is quantitative data?

A

numerical data

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11
Q

what is qualitative data?

A

non-numerical data
(open questions, interviews etc.)

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12
Q

what are descriptive statistics?

A
  • they summarise quantitative data
  • involves measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, graphs and charts
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13
Q

what is the nominal level of measurement?

A

data can be placed or counted into different categories

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14
Q

what is the ordinal level of measurement?

A
  • data is ranked in order or rated on a scale
  • when using scale, points may be labelled
  • is subjective and each point on ordinal scale are not same value
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15
Q

what is the interval level of measurement?

A
  • interval scale orders measurements
  • intervals are equal - based on standard unit of measurement
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16
Q

what is the ratio level of measurement?

A

like interval data but has a genuine zero point

17
Q

what are the measures of central tendency?

A

mean, median, mode

18
Q

what is the mean, median and mode?

A

mean - arithmetic average
median - middle value when numbers are in order
mode - most common value

19
Q

what are the advantages of using the mode?

A
  • represents figure that occurs in data
  • useful when other measures of central tendency are meaningless
  • unaffected by 1 or 2 extreme scores
20
Q

what are the disadvantages of using the mode?

A
  • doesn’t tell us anything about other values
  • not always a single mode
  • small changes in data can radically alter mode
21
Q

what are the advantages of using the median?

A
  • relatively unaffected by extreme values
  • can be used on data with skewed distributions
22
Q

what are the disadvantages of using the median?

A
  • doesn’t work well in small data sets
  • ignores most scores
  • affected by alteration of central values
23
Q

what are the advantages of using the mean?

A

most powerful measure of central tendency

24
Q

what are the disadvantages of using the mean?

A
  • can’t be used on skewed data that has anomalies
  • can give misleading average
  • inappropriate to use on ordinal & nominal data
25
what are the characteristics of a normal distribution curve?
- symmetrical, bell-shaped - mean, median, mode at same point - dispersion of scores either side of midpoint
26
what is a negative skew?
- the highest point is to the right of the center - mean has lower value than mode & median - affected by lots of HIGH scores
27
what is a positive skew?
- highest scores are to the left of the center - mean has higher value than mode & median - affected by lots of LOW scores
28
in a negative skew, where are the mean, median and mode?
mean (left) - lower end median (middle) mode (right) - higher end
29
in a positive skew, where are the mean, median and mode?
mean (right) - lower end median (middle) mode (left) - higher end
30
what are investigator effects?
occur when a researcher unintentionally, or unconsciously influences the outcome of any research they are conducting
31
what are pilot studies?
small, trial versions of proposed studies to test their effectiveness and make improvements
32
what are the measures of dispersion?
range standard deviation
33
what is the range?
difference between highest and lowest value of data set
34
what is an advantage of the range?
easy to calculate
35
what are the disadvantages of the range?
- only considers extreme values - very sensitive to outliers - doesnt tell us anything about middle scores/distribution
36
what is a standard deviation?
measures average distance of each score away from the mean
37
what is an advantage of standard deviation?
- most powerful measure of dispersion - uses all scores in set of data in calculation
38
what is a disadvantage of standard deviation?
less effective when there are outlying scores that skew data
39
what are desriptive statistics?
used to describe the data and show a summary of the results