Data Communication, Network, & Internet Flashcards
is the practice of connecting two or more computing devices to share data and resources. These devices can include computers, servers, smartphones, tablets, and various other types of equipment.
Computer networking
WHY IS NETWORK IMPORTANT?
Sharing resources (Hardware and Software)
Centralized Administration and Support
CLASSIFICATIONS OF NETWORK
Based on transmission media
Based on network size
Based on management method
Based on topology
2 types of transmission media
Guided
Unguided
Uses a physical medium, such as wires, cables, or optical fibers, to confine and direct the signals.
Guided
No physical conductor is used. Signals propagate freely through the air or space.
Unguided
Examples of Guided TM
Shielded twisted pair
Unshielded twisted pair
Coaxial cable
Fiber optic cable
is a type of guided transmission media commonly used in telecommunications and networking. It consists of two insulated copper wires twisted together in a spiral pattern. This twisting helps to ____________ from external sources and crosstalk between neighboring pairs of wires.
Twisted pair cable; reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI)
two main types of twisted pair cables:
- Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
- This is the most common type used in Ethernet networks and telephone lines. It is relatively inexpensive and easy to install. However, it is more susceptible to interference compared to STP. - Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
- This type has an additional layer of shielding around each pair of wires, providing better protection against interference. STP is often used in environments with high levels of EMI.
Advantages of Twisted Pair Cables:
- Cost-Effective: relatively inexpensive compared to other types of transmission media, such as fiber optic cables.
- Easy to Install: They are flexible and easy to work with, making them suitable for a variety of installations.
- Widely Available: Twisted pair cables are readily available and widely used in many different applications
Disadvantages of Twisted Pair Cables:
- Susceptibility to Interference: UTP cables are more susceptible to electromagnetic interference than STP cables.
- Limited Distance: The maximum distance for reliable data transmission over twisted pair cables is limited, typically around 100 meters for Ethernet.
is a type of transmission line used to carry high frequency electrical signals with low losses. It has a unique construction that makes it well-suited for various applications, from cable television and internet connections to radio transmission and medical equipment.
Coaxial cable
Advantages of Coaxial Cables:
- High Bandwidth: Coaxial cables can carry a wide range of frequencies, making them suitable for high-speed data transmission.
- Low Signal Loss: The shielding minimizes signal loss, allowing for transmission over longer distances compared to other types of cables.
- Good Noise Immunity: The outer conductor provides good protection against external interference, ensuring a clean signal.
Disadvantages of Coaxial Cables:
- Cost: can be more expensive than twisted-pair cables, especially for longer runs.
- Flexibility: less flexible than twisted pair cables, making them less suitable for tight spaces.
- Single Cable Path: In most applications, coaxial cables provide a single path for both transmitting and receiving signals.
also known as an __________, is a type of transmission cable that uses thin strands of glass or plastic fibers to transmit data as pulses of light. They are widely used in telecommunications, internet infrastructure, and various other applications due to their high bandwidth, low signal loss, and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
Fiber optic cable; optical fiber cable
Advantages of Fiber Optic Cables:
- High Bandwidth: significantly higher bandwidth than copper cables, allowing for faster data transmission.
- Low Signal Loss: Light signals experience minimal loss over long distances, making them ideal for long-haul communication.
Advantages of Fiber Optic Cables:
- Immunity to EMI: not affected by electromagnetic interference, ensuring signal integrity.
- Security: They are difficult to tap into, making them more secure for sensitive data transmission.
- Lightweight and Thin: lighter and thinner than copper cables, making them easier to install and manage.
Disadvantages of Fiber Optic Cables:
- Cost: can be more expensive than copper cables, especially for initial installation.
- Fragility: They are more fragile than copper cables and require careful handling during installation.
- Specialized Equipment: Specialized tools and expertise are needed for installation and maintenance.
Examples of Unguided TM
Terrestrial microwave
Communication satellite
Cellular technology
is a type of wireless communication technology that uses radio waves in the microwave frequency range (typically between 1 GHz and 100 GHz) to transmit information between two or more points on the Earth’s surface. These signals are highly directional and require a clear line-of sight path between the transmitting and receiving antennas
Terrestrial microwave
Advantages of Terrestrial Microwave:
- High Bandwidth: links can carry a large amount of data, making them suitable for high-speed communication.
- Line-of-Sight Coverage: They can provide reliable communication over long distances as long as there is a clear line-of-sight path.
- Cost-Effective: In some cases, terrestrial microwave can be a more cost-effective solution compared to laying fiber optic cables, especially in challenging terrains.
Disadvantages of Terrestrial Microwave:
- Line-of-Sight Requirement: The need for a clear line-of-sight limits the flexibility of placement and can be affected by weather conditions like heavy rain or fog.
- Limited Distance: While terrestrial microwave links can cover long distances, they usually require repeater stations to extend the range further.
- Susceptibility to Interference: Microwave signals can be affected by interference from other radio sources or environmental factors.
- Security Concerns: links can be vulnerable to eavesdropping or interception if not properly secured.
is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a transponder. It creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.
communication satellite
Advantages of communication satellite:
- Wide Coverage: can cover vast geographical areas, making them ideal for global communication.
- Reliability: links are less prone to disruptions caused by natural disasters or infrastructure damage compared to terrestrial links.
- High Bandwidth: can carry large amounts of data, supporting high speed communication and multimedia applications.
Disadvantages of communication satellite:
- Cost: Launching and maintaining satellites is expensive.
- Latency: The distance signals travel between Earth and satellites can cause delays, known as latency, affecting real-time applications.
- Signal Interference: Weather conditions, solar activity, and other factors can interfere with satellite signals.
Satellite in the Philippines
STARLINK
also known as mobile technology, is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a ___________. Cellular networks enable mobile devices like smartphones, tablets, and other cellular-enabled devices to connect to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the internet.
Cellular technology; cell site or base station
Generations of Cellular Technology:
1G: The first generation (1G) was analog and primarily used for voice calls.
2G: The second generation (2G) introduced digital transmission, allowing for text messaging and limited data services.
3G: The third generation (3G) brought faster data speeds, enabling mobile internet access and multimedia services.
4G: The fourth generation (4G) significantly increased data speeds, supporting high-definition video streaming, online gaming, and other data-intensive applications.
5G: The fifth generation (5G) is the latest advancement, promising even faster speeds, lower latency, and the ability to connect a massive number of devices, paving the way for new technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and autonomous vehicles.
NETWORK SIZE (5)
LAN
WAN
CAN
MAN
GAN
is a group of computers and other devices that are connected together over a small geographical area, typically within a single building, office, or home. These devices can communicate with each other and share resources, such as printers, files, and internet access.
Local Area Network (LAN)
also known as a ___________, is a computer network that interconnects multiple Local Area Networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area. This area could be a university campus, corporate campus, or even a military base.
Campus Area Network (CAN); Corporate Area Network
is a telecommunications network that extends over a large geographical area, connecting multiple Local Area Networks (LANs) or other networks. —— can span across cities, countries, or even continents.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
is a network that covers an extensive geographical area, often spanning across countries or continents. It’s essentially a network of networks, connecting multiple Wide Area Networks (WANs) and other types of networks.
Global Area Network (GAN)
MANAGEMENT METHODS
P2P
Client Server
Type of management method:
- 10 or less users
- No specialized services required
- Security is not an issue
- Only limited growth in the foreseeable future
Peer to Peer Network
Advantages of peer-to-peer networks:
- Low cost
- Simple to configure
- User has full accessibility of the computer
Disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks:
- May have duplication in resources
- Difficult to uphold security policy
- Difficult to handle uneven loading
is a way of organizing computers and devices on a network so they can share resources and data.
CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK
This is the central computer in the network. It’s a powerful machine that stores data, runs applications, and manages user access.
Server
These are the individual devices that connect to the server to access resources. This could be your laptop, phone, printer, or any device that needs information or services from the server.
Client
Advantages of client/server networks:
- Facilitate resource sharing –centrally administrate and control
- Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance
- Enhance security – only the administrator can have access to the Server
- Support more users – difficult to achieve with peer-to peer networks
Disadvantages of client/server networks:
- High cost for Servers
- Need expert to configure the network
- Introduce a single point of failure to the system
is a massive network that connects computers and electronic devices all over the world. It’s like a giant web, where billions of devices are linked together to share information and resources.
Internet
is essentially a private network within an organization that functions similarly to the internet, but with restricted access.
Intranet
is the fundamental set of rules that allows communication to happen across the vast network of the internet. It’s like a common language that all devices on the internet understand, enabling them to send and receive data reliably.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
This is the addressing system of the internet. It assigns a unique IP address (like a digital street address) to every device connected to the internet. IP allows packets (small pieces of data) to be routed to the correct destination.
Internet Protocol (IP)
Types of IP Addresses:
IPv4
IPv6
This is the most common type of IP address, consisting of 4 numbers separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.1.1). However, due to the rapid growth of internet-connected devices, —- addresses are becoming increasingly scarce.
IPv4
This is the next generation of IP addresses designed to address the limitations of IPv4. —– addresses are much longer and more complex than IPv4 addresses (e.g., 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1). The rollout of —– is ongoing, but it will eventually become the dominant IP address format.
IPv6
These are unique addresses assigned to devices connected directly to the internet. They allow devices to communicate with other devices anywhere on the internet. Think of it as your house address; it’s publicly visible and allows anyone to send you mail.
Public IP Addresses
These are used for internal networks and don’t directly access the public internet. They are not globally unique and are typically used within a home network or local area network (LAN). Imagine an apartment building; each apartment has its own address within the building, but they all share the same street address for external deliveries.
Private IP Addresses
is responsible for the reliable delivery of data. It breaks down data into packets, sends them across the network, and ensures they arrive in the correct order and without errors. —- acts like a quality checker, making sure the message gets delivered accurately.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
How TCP/IP Works?
- Data Breakdown: When you send an email or browse a website, your device breaks the information down into smaller packets.
- Addressing: Each packet gets an IP address attached, specifying the destination device.
- Network Journey: The packets travel across the internet through various routers, taking the most efficient path.
- Reassembly: Once the packets reach the destination device, TCP reassembles them back into the original data.
- Error Checking: TCP also includes error checking mechanisms to ensure the data arrives without corruption. If errors occur, packets are re-sent for accurate delivery.
is an identification label that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control in the Internet. ———- are hostnames that identify Internet Protocol (IP) resources such as web sites. —– are formed by the rules and procedures of the ____________
domain name; Domain Name System (DNS)
ANATOMY OF WEB ADDRESS
Protocol
Sub-domain
(Root domain (what you can register:)
Domain name
Top-level domain
GENERIC TOP-LEVEL DOMAINS (GTLDS)
.com
.gov
.org
.edu
.mil
. com - Commercial
. gov - Government
. org - Organization
. edu - Education
. mil - Military
are a specific type of domain extension that identifies the website’s connection to a particular country or region.
Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs)
WEB 1.O
Web 1.0 (The Read-Only Web)
Limited User Interaction: It was characterized by static web pages with limited user interaction.
Content Creators: Content creation was restricted to a small group of technical users with knowledge of HTML coding.
Examples: Wikipedia, Google, Apple,
WEB 2.O
Web 2.0 (The Participatory Web - 2005 - Present)
Interactive Focus: Web 2.0 ushered in a shift towards user-generated content and interaction. Platforms like social media, blogs, and wikis allowed users to create, share, and collaborate online.
Rise of Social Media: Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube became central to online interaction and information sharing.
User-Created Content: Blogs, forums, and video sharing platforms empowered users to become content creators and publishers.
Examples: Social media platforms, online collaboration tools, blogs, wikis, video sharing sites.
WEB 3.0
Decentralization: Web 3.0 is a vision for a more decentralized web where data is not controlled by a limited number of large companies. Blockchain technology may play a role in this.
Semantic Understanding: Web 3.0 aims for machines to better understand the meaning of information online, allowing for more intelligent search and personalized experiences.
User Ownership: Web 3.0 explores ways for users to own and control their data online.
Examples: Current implementations are limited, but potential applications include decentralized marketplaces, blockchain, personalized learning platforms, and AI-powered search engines.
