Data Analysis in Quantitative Research: Understanding Statistics

Question 1

What are the two ways that statistics are used?

Answer 1

1.Descriptive (describes the sample)2.Inferential (outcome variables)

Question 2

This variable is ________ (discrete or continuous)Takes on a finite range of values (ex: # of children in household)

Answer 2

Discrete

Question 3

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?Also known as categorical variable

Answer 3

Discrete

Question 4

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?Used with nominal or ordinal scales

Answer 4

Discrete

Question 5

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?Takes on infinite range of values along specified continuum (Ex:Age)

Answer 5

Continuous

Question 6

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?Used with interval and ratio scales

Answer 6

Continuous

Question 7

T/F Continuous variables and discrete variables can be converted into each other

Answer 7

False. Continuous variables can be turned into discrete variables, but not vice versa

Question 8

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Lowest level of measurement

Answer 8

Nominal

Question 9

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Specify rank ordering on variable and assume equivalent distance

Answer 9

Interval

Question 10

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Mutually exclusive

Answer 10

Nominal

Question 11

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Attributes are ordered

Answer 11

Ordinal

Question 12

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Highest level of measurement

Answer 12

Ratio

Question 13

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Addresses ordering, intervals and absolute magnitude

Answer 13

Ratio

Question 14

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Does not tell measureable differences between levelsf

Answer 14

Ordinal

Question 15

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?No real absolute magnitude

Answer 15

Interval

Question 16

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?0 means a true absense

Answer 16

Ratio

Question 17

Parametric vs non parametricDistribution free

Answer 17

non parametric

Question 18

Parametric vs non parametricConsidered less robust

Answer 18

non-parametric

Question 19

Parametric vs non parametricEasier interpretation

Answer 19

non-parametric

Question 20

Parametric vs non parametricunable to interpret multivariates

Answer 20

non-parametric

Question 21

Parametric vs non parametricnormal distribution

Answer 21

parametric

Question 22

Parametric vs non parametricConsidered more powerful

Answer 22

parametric

Question 23

Parametric vs non parametricCan study multiple variables

Answer 23

parametric

Question 24

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate?One DV, One IV

Answer 24

Univariate

Question 25

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate?multiple DVs

Answer 25

multivariate

Question 26

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate?One DV, multiple IVs

Answer 26

Multi variable

Question 27

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate?One DV, two IVs, or DVs and One IV

Answer 27

Bivariate

Question 28

Name four nonparametric statistics

Answer 28

Chi-squareMann-WhitneyKruskal-WallisFriedman

Question 29

All of the non parametric tests are between-subjects except_______

Answer 29

FriedmanBetween-Subjects

Question 30

non-parametric test compares an actual number or frequency of a group to the expected number or frequency nominal dataBetween group design

Answer 30

Chi-Squre

Question 31

This nonparametric test compares two groups. It is between group design and uses ordinal data

Answer 31

Mann-Whitney

Question 32

This research question indicates which statistical test?"Is there a difference in breast self examination based on education level?"

Answer 32

Mann-Whitney

Question 33

This non-parametric test compares more than two groups. It is a between group design and uses ordinal level data

Answer 33

Kruskal-Wallis

Question 34

This research question indicates which statistical test?Is there a difference in the medians for change in number of days of having cold symptoms among those who take placebo pill, low vitamin C, and high vitamin C?

Answer 34

Kruskal-Wallis(between groups, ordinal data, more than 2 groups)

Question 35

Nonparametric testWithin groups design1 group measured on 3+ occasionsOrdinal Level data

Answer 35

Friedman

Question 36

Which nonparametric test is for nominal data?

Answer 36

Chi-Square

Question 37

Which nonparametric tests are for ordinal data

Answer 37

Mann-WhitneyKruskal-WallisFriedman

Question 38

Which research test does this indicate?Is there a statistically significant difference in perceived sense of well-being survey scores for individuals with clinical depression move from city to rural areas (collected prior to move, 3 months post move, and 6 months post move)

Answer 38

Friedman

Question 39

What are the two types of t-tests?

Answer 39

1. Paired (within groups)2. Unpaired (between group)

Question 40

Which research test is indicated?Is there a difference between treatment and control group in relation to age?

Answer 40

Unpaired t test (independent t-tests)Why?continuous data (age)Between subjects

Question 41

Which test is indicated?Is there a difference in mean score of knowledge of breast examination from pre-test to post test?

Answer 41

Paired t-test (dependent t test)Why?Continuous data (mean score)Within subject with pre and post test

Question 42

When is an ANOVA used?

Answer 42

When comparing three or more group means

Question 43

What is the statistic computed by ANOVA tests?

Answer 43

F-ratio

Question 44

Which ANOVA test?Examines difference between group means of 3+ groups with only one test1 IV (categorical) 1 DV(continuous) 3 categories of IV

Answer 44

One-way ANOVA

Question 45

Which test is indicated?WHat is the effect of therapist intervention, compared to nicotine patch and no treatment on number of cigarettes smoked daily?

Answer 45

One-way ANOVAWhy?1 categorical IV (Type of therapy)1 Continuous DV (Number of cigs smoked)

Question 46

Which ANOVA?Examines difference between 2 IVs (with 2+ categories each), and one DV(continuous)Compares each IV with each DV

Answer 46

2 way ANOVAfactorial ANOVA or multifactoral ANOVA

Question 47

Which test is indicated?Are counseling, compared to nicotine patch and no treatment equally effective on number of cigs smoked daily for men and women?

Answer 47

2 way ANOVA

Question 48

Which ANOVA?measurements taken at more than 2 time points3+ measures for DVDV is continuous

Answer 48

Repeated measures ANOVA

Question 49

Which test is indicated?What is the difference in depression level of clients recieving mental health services by participating in group therapy sessions at pre test, 6 months and 1 year?

Answer 49

Repeated measures ANOVA

Question 50

Whch test?Purpose is to equalize differences between groups by controlling for potentially confounding variables (covariate)

Answer 50

ANCOVA

Question 51

Which test is indicated?What is the effect of training on the running speed of adolescents who do or do not work out regularly?

Answer 51

ANCOVAwhy? Removes the gender factorIV- trainingDV-running speedCovariate-gender

Question 52

Which test?When 2+ DVs that correlate with each other are compared to 1+ IV

Answer 52

MANOVA

Question 53

Which test is indicated?What is the effect of different interventions (desensitization, relaxation therapy, wait-list control) on several types of anxiety (measures iwth 4 subscales on an anxiety meaure)?

Answer 53

MANOVAwhy?DV: 4 subscales of the same testIV: desensitize, relax, control

Question 54

Which test? When 2+ DVs that correlate with each other are compared to 1+ IVControls for confounding variables (covariates)

Answer 54

MANCOVA

Question 55

Which test is indicated? What is the effect of different interventions (sensitive, relax, cotnrol) on several types of anxiety (measured 4 subscales of anxiety measure) after controlling for age and marital status?

Answer 55

MANCOVAwhy?DV: 4 subscales of the same testIV: desensitize, relax, controlCovariate: marital status, age

Question 56

Which test? A statistical procedure designed to test the relationship or prediction between 2+ IVs and 1 DV

Answer 56

Multiple Regression

Question 57

Overall fit (R)

Answer 57

Multiple linear Regression