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Research Methods > Data Analysis in Quantitative Research: Understanding Statistics > Flashcards

Data Analysis in Quantitative Research: Understanding Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two ways that statistics are used?

A

1.Descriptive (describes the sample)2.Inferential (outcome variables)

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2
Q

This variable is ________ (discrete or continuous)Takes on a finite range of values (ex: # of children in household)

A

Discrete

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3
Q

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?Also known as categorical variable

A

Discrete

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4
Q

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?Used with nominal or ordinal scales

A

Discrete

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5
Q

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?Takes on infinite range of values along specified continuum (Ex:Age)

A

Continuous

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6
Q

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?Used with interval and ratio scales

A

Continuous

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7
Q

T/F Continuous variables and discrete variables can be converted into each other

A

False. Continuous variables can be turned into discrete variables, but not vice versa

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8
Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Lowest level of measurement

A

Nominal

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9
Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Specify rank ordering on variable and assume equivalent distance

A

Interval

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10
Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Mutually exclusive

A

Nominal

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11
Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Attributes are ordered

A

Ordinal

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12
Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Highest level of measurement

A

Ratio

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13
Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Addresses ordering, intervals and absolute magnitude

A

Ratio

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14
Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?Does not tell measureable differences between levelsf

A

Ordinal

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15
Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?No real absolute magnitude

A

Interval

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16
Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?0 means a true absense

A

Ratio

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17
Q

Parametric vs non parametricDistribution free

A

non parametric

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18
Q

Parametric vs non parametricConsidered less robust

A

non-parametric

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19
Q

Parametric vs non parametricEasier interpretation

A

non-parametric

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20
Q

Parametric vs non parametricunable to interpret multivariates

A

non-parametric

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21
Q

Parametric vs non parametricnormal distribution

A

parametric

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22
Q

Parametric vs non parametricConsidered more powerful

A

parametric

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23
Q

Parametric vs non parametricCan study multiple variables

A

parametric

24
Q

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate?One DV, One IV

A

Univariate

25
Q

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate?multiple DVs

A

multivariate

26
Q

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate?One DV, multiple IVs

A

Multi variable

27
Q

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate?One DV, two IVs, or DVs and One IV

A

Bivariate

28
Q

Name four nonparametric statistics

A

Chi-squareMann-WhitneyKruskal-WallisFriedman

29
Q

All of the non parametric tests are between-subjects except_______

A

FriedmanBetween-Subjects

30
Q

non-parametric test compares an actual number or frequency of a group to the expected number or frequency nominal dataBetween group design

A

Chi-Squre

31
Q

This nonparametric test compares two groups. It is between group design and uses ordinal data

A

Mann-Whitney

32
Q

This research question indicates which statistical test?”Is there a difference in breast self examination based on education level?”

A

Mann-Whitney

33
Q

This non-parametric test compares more than two groups. It is a between group design and uses ordinal level data

A

Kruskal-Wallis

34
Q

This research question indicates which statistical test?Is there a difference in the medians for change in number of days of having cold symptoms among those who take placebo pill, low vitamin C, and high vitamin C?

A

Kruskal-Wallis(between groups, ordinal data, more than 2 groups)

35
Q

Nonparametric testWithin groups design1 group measured on 3+ occasionsOrdinal Level data

A

Friedman

36
Q

Which nonparametric test is for nominal data?

A

Chi-Square

37
Q

Which nonparametric tests are for ordinal data

A

Mann-WhitneyKruskal-WallisFriedman

38
Q

Which research test does this indicate?Is there a statistically significant difference in perceived sense of well-being survey scores for individuals with clinical depression move from city to rural areas (collected prior to move, 3 months post move, and 6 months post move)

A

Friedman

39
Q

What are the two types of t-tests?

A
  1. Paired (within groups)2. Unpaired (between group)
40
Q

Which research test is indicated?Is there a difference between treatment and control group in relation to age?

A

Unpaired t test (independent t-tests)Why?continuous data (age)Between subjects

41
Q

Which test is indicated?Is there a difference in mean score of knowledge of breast examination from pre-test to post test?

A

Paired t-test (dependent t test)Why?Continuous data (mean score)Within subject with pre and post test

42
Q

When is an ANOVA used?

A

When comparing three or more group means

43
Q

What is the statistic computed by ANOVA tests?

A

F-ratio

44
Q

Which ANOVA test?Examines difference between group means of 3+ groups with only one test1 IV (categorical) 1 DV(continuous) 3 categories of IV

A

One-way ANOVA

45
Q

Which test is indicated?WHat is the effect of therapist intervention, compared to nicotine patch and no treatment on number of cigarettes smoked daily?

A

One-way ANOVAWhy?1 categorical IV (Type of therapy)1 Continuous DV (Number of cigs smoked)

46
Q

Which ANOVA?Examines difference between 2 IVs (with 2+ categories each), and one DV(continuous)Compares each IV with each DV

A

2 way ANOVAfactorial ANOVA or multifactoral ANOVA

47
Q

Which test is indicated?Are counseling, compared to nicotine patch and no treatment equally effective on number of cigs smoked daily for men and women?

A

2 way ANOVA

48
Q

Which ANOVA?measurements taken at more than 2 time points3+ measures for DVDV is continuous

A

Repeated measures ANOVA

49
Q

Which test is indicated?What is the difference in depression level of clients recieving mental health services by participating in group therapy sessions at pre test, 6 months and 1 year?

A

Repeated measures ANOVA

50
Q

Whch test?Purpose is to equalize differences between groups by controlling for potentially confounding variables (covariate)

A

ANCOVA

51
Q

Which test is indicated?What is the effect of training on the running speed of adolescents who do or do not work out regularly?

A

ANCOVAwhy? Removes the gender factorIV- trainingDV-running speedCovariate-gender

52
Q

Which test?When 2+ DVs that correlate with each other are compared to 1+ IV

A

MANOVA

53
Q

Which test is indicated?What is the effect of different interventions (desensitization, relaxation therapy, wait-list control) on several types of anxiety (measures iwth 4 subscales on an anxiety meaure)?

A

MANOVAwhy?DV: 4 subscales of the same testIV: desensitize, relax, control

54
Q

Which test? When 2+ DVs that correlate with each other are compared to 1+ IVControls for confounding variables (covariates)

A

MANCOVA

55
Q

Which test is indicated? What is the effect of different interventions (sensitive, relax, cotnrol) on several types of anxiety (measured 4 subscales of anxiety measure) after controlling for age and marital status?

A

MANCOVAwhy?DV: 4 subscales of the same testIV: desensitize, relax, controlCovariate: marital status, age

56
Q

Which test? A statistical procedure designed to test the relationship or prediction between 2+ IVs and 1 DV

A

Multiple Regression

57
Q

Overall fit (R)

A

Multiple linear Regression

Research Methods (5 decks)

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