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psychology- research methods > data analysis > Flashcards

data analysis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the degrees of freedom calculation

A

df=(r-1)x(c-1)
r- rows
c- columns

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2
Q

what is qualitative data

A

non numerical data expressed in words

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3
Q

advantages and disadvantages of qualitative data

A

+ rich in detail
- difficult to analyse

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4
Q

what is quantitative data

A

numerical data

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5
Q

advantages and disadvantages of quantitative data

A

+ easier to analyse and identify patterns
- less detail

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6
Q

what is primary data

A

first hand data collected for the purpose of the investigation

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7
Q

what is secondary data

A

collected by someone other than the person conducting the research

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8
Q

advantages and disadvantages of primary data

A

+ directly relevant data= more valid
- requires more time and effort
- ethical consideration needing to be taken into account

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9
Q

advantages and disadvantages of secondary data

A

+ minimal effort and inexpensive and less time consuming
- unknown quality or relevance= less valid

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10
Q

what is nominal data

A

qualitative values usually tallied, frequency not able to rank
eg gender weather ethnicity marital status

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11
Q

what is ordinal data

A

scaled or ranked data
eg a score from 1-5

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12
Q

what is interval/ratio data

A

ranked data with equal measurement intervals
eg temperature time bank balance

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13
Q

what does measure of central tendency mean

A

a statistic that summarizes a set of data with a single value that represents the middle or center of the distribution

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14
Q

what does a measure of dispersion mean

A

the spread of data around a central value

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15
Q

examples of central tendency measures

A

mean, mode, median

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16
Q

examples of dispersion measures

A

range, standard deviation

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17
Q

what is standard deviation

A

a statistical measure that shows how spread out a set of scores are around the mean

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18
Q

advantages and disadvantages of using a mean

A

+ shows the average
+ more representative
- extreme values can cause a difference

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19
Q

advantages and disadvantages of using a mode

A

+ easier to calculate
- doesnt take into account the extreme values

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20
Q

advantages and disadvantages of using a median

A

+ unaffected by extreme values
+ easy to calculate
- doesnt take into account extreme values so less sensitive

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21
Q

advantages and disadvantages of using a range

A

+ easy to calculate
- dont know how spread out the scores are in a number set

22
Q

advantages and disadvantages of using standard deviation

A

+ more precise
+ more accurate picture of all the data
- can be distorted by outliers

23
Q

how to calculate mean

A

add all numbers up and divide by total amount of numbers

24
Q

how to calculate mode

A

the most frequent value

25
Q

how to calculate median

A

the middle number in the data after they have be ranked ordered

26
Q

how to calculate range

A

minus the biggest number from smallest

27
Q

why would you use a bar chart

A

for nominal data

28
Q

why would you use a histogram

A

continuous data
(has no gaps)

29
Q

what does a scatter graph show

A

relationship between data

30
Q

what is distribution

A

overall pattern of data seen in a graph

31
Q

how do you know its negative distribution

A

the mean is before the mode

32
Q

how do you know its positive distribution

A

the mean is after the mode

33
Q

what is a significance level

A

a measure of strength of evidence

34
Q

what is teh usual significance level

A

p<0.05

35
Q

when would psychologists use a harder significance level

A

when they want to challenge research

36
Q

what does p<0.05 mean

A

95% sure the data is correct

37
Q

what is a type 1 error

A

(false positive) reject the null hypothesis when shouldve accepted it

38
Q

what is a type 2 error

A

(false negative) accepting a null hypothesis when shouldve rejected it

39
Q

how can we remove the chances of a type 1 error

A

make the significance level stricter but it may increase type 2 error

40
Q

how can we reduce a type 1 and 2 error

A

increase sample size

41
Q

what is the acronym for deciding which test

A

carrots should come mashed with swede under roast potatoes

(chi squared sign test chi squared, mann whitney wilcoxon spearmans, unrelated t realated t pearsons)

42
Q

what are the steps on finding the critical value and if it is significant

A
  1. directional or not hypothesis= one or two talied
  2. use the df value and find number
  3. use the information to see if the number should be equal or higher or lower
  4. if matches information then it is significant
43
Q

what test is a directional hypothesis

A

one tailed

44
Q

what test is a non directional hypothesis

A

two tailed

45
Q

what are the steps to calculate sign test

A
  1. state alternative or null hypothesis
  2. represent each pair of data with + - 0
  3. calculate value of s (number of less frequent sign)
  4. look up critical value in the table using it and other pieces of data
  5. compare critical and calculated value and follow rule given to you
  6. accept/ reject hypothesis if the result is significant
46
Q

What main headings should a formal write up have

A

Title
Abstract
Introduction
Method- design, materials, participants,procedure,ethical issues
Results
Discussion
References
Appendices

47
Q

What does an abstract on a formal write up include

A

aim of investigation, brief explanation and hypothesis

48
Q

What does an introduction in a formal write up include

A

Why you carried out investigation
Background knowledge on the subject
Overall aim of the study
Hypothesis type

49
Q

What is included in the results section of a formal write up

A

Summary table and graph
Basic statistics but not explained
Justification of the statistical test used

50
Q

What is included in the discussion section of a formal write up

A

Explanation of results
Comment on graph
Note any possible sources of error
Any corresponding modifications

51
Q

What is the order that referencing information has to go in

A

Author
Year
Title
Edition
Place
Publisher

psychology- research methods (9 decks)

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