Data Flashcards
What is Nominal Data
This refers to the level of data that is categorical and merely places a behaviour or person into a category with no further distinction. Examples of categorical data are male/ female or even subjects chosen at A Level.
What is Ordinal Data
This refers to data where each participant has an individual score which can be put into order e.g. number of words recalled in a memory test
What is Interval Data
This refers to data that has fixed units of measurement such as cm or IQ scores. Unlike ratio data this level of data has no true zero (you can’t have an IQ of 0) and therefore we cannot say that one score is proportionate to another.
When are Bar Charts used
-used when data is in discrete categories
-use for nominal data and all measures of central tendency
-bars must be separate
How are Pie Charts used
-need frequencies or populations that can be expressed as a fraction
-have to be confident that the data represents the whole population
-hard to compare
How are Histograms and Line Graphs used
-show pattern in a whole data set where this is continuous data
-can show the distribution of scores
-line graph has connected points instead of bars
What do Scatter Graphs show
-display the findings of correlational studies
What is Raw Data
-data collected from each participant
-no mathematical analysis on this data
What do Result Tables allow
-allow an overview of the data
-identify any outliers or anomolies which dont match the data
What should you do to estimate the mean
Assume the midpoint
What does ~ ~mean
Approximately equal to
What is Measures of Dispersion
-Gives an indication of how spread out the results within a data set are
-uses range, variance and standard deviation
What is the Range
- (Largest - Smallest +1)
-Scales measures gaps between points
-tells us how similar groups are
What is Variance
-How close on average people in the data set are to the mean
-smaller the number , the more similar the participants are
What is Standard Deviation
Tells us the average distance from each score from the mean
What does Larger Standard Deviation mean
Tells you that theres a bigger difference of people in the group
What does Smaller Standard Deviation mean
Tells you that they’re more similar
What should the mode be used in
Nominal data
What should the median be used in
Ordinal data
What should the mean be used in
Interval data
Parametric test
Inferential test that is based on certain assumptions, such as: Populations drawn from should be normally distributed. Variances of populations should be approximately equal. Should have at least interval. Should be no extreme scores.
Non-parametric test
Inferential test that are not based on certain assumptions of the distribution of the data.
Mann-Whitney U test
A non-parametric test used when the DV produces ordinal or interval type of data, there is an Independent Measures design and the research is exploring a difference between each condition (levels of the IV).
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
A non-parametric test used when the DV produces ordinal or interval type of data, there is a Repeated Measures design and the research is exploring a difference between each condition (levels of the IV).
Chi Square
A non-parametric test used when the DV produces nominal type of data, there is an Independent Measures design and the research is exploring a difference between each condition (levels of the IV), or an association.
Binomial Sign Test
A non-parametric test used when the DV produces nominal type data, there is a Repeated Measures design and the research explores a difference between each condition (levels of the IV).
Spearman’s Rho
A non-parametric test used in correlational research, variables produce at least ordinal type of data and explore a relationship between co-variables.
