DAT BOOSTER CHEAT SHEETS Flashcards
DAT BIOLOGY
what is an atom ?
single unit made up of neutrons , protons , and electrons
what is a molecule ?
groups of 2+ atoms held together by chemical bonds due to electron interactions
what are macromolecules ?
large molecules ( polymers) formed from the bonding of smaller molecules
What is a ionic Bond ?
transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom of DIFFERENT electronegativity
What is a covalent bond ?
sharing of electrons between atoms of SIMILAR electronegativities
Non-polar covalent bond ?
Equal sharing of electrons
Polar Covalent Bond
Unequal sharing of electrons creating a dipole ( partial charges)
Hydrogen Bond ?
Weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom ( F ,O , N)
How are macromolecules formed ? what kind of rxn ?
Dehydration Reaction ; has a product of water and a polymer
How do we break macromolecules ?
hydrolysis rxn ; add water in to breakdown polymers to monomers
What are the 4 organic macromolecules ?
Protein , Carbohydrates , Lipids , Nucleic Acid
What are proteins made up of ? and what are they bonded by ?
Monomers : amino acid
Linkage Type : Peptide Bonds
Function : structure transport , defense , storage , enzymes
what makes the amino acid monomer unique ?
the R group
Primary Structure is bonded how ?
peptide bonds of amino acids
What is the secondary structure of protein ?
you will find a-helices and beta sheets ; H-bonds btw amino carboxyl groups of asjacent amino acids
what is the tertiary shape of amino acid ? bonds ?
the 3D shape
bonds :
r - group
hydrophobic interaction
disulfide bonds ( cysteins s-s) * only covalent one
Quarternary structure ?
3D PROTEIN SHAPE full ; made of 2 seperate peptide chains
What effects shape of the amino acid ?
pH , radiation , temperature ; the primary structure always remains
What are carbohydrates ? Bonds ? Function ?
carbohydrates are sugars in the body , bonded by glycosidic linkages ;
function : energy storage
monosaccharides
glucose , fructose , galactose
disaccharides ?
lactose = galactose + glucose
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Sucrose = fructose + glucose
Polysacharides ?
glycogen = store energy in animals
starch = energy storage in plants
cellulose = structural support in plants
Chitin = structural support of insects
Lipids ?
they are fats ; hydrophobic non-polar molecules
linkage - covalent carbon-carbon bonds
monomer= hydrocarbons
polymer = hydrocarbon chain
type of lipids ?
triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Porphyrins
Nucleic Acids ?
monomer = Nucleotide
Polymer - Nucleic Acid ( DNA OR RNA)
Link + Phosphodiester bond
Function : encode , express , and store genetic info
A-T how many H bonds ?
2
G-C how many H - Bonds ?
3 ( takes more energy to break these bonds :)
