DAT BOOSTER CHEAT SHEETS

Question 1

what is an atom ?

Answer 1

single unit made up of neutrons , protons , and electrons

Question 2

what is a molecule ?

Answer 2

groups of 2+ atoms held together by chemical bonds due to electron interactions

Question 3

what are macromolecules ?

Answer 3

large molecules ( polymers) formed from the bonding of smaller molecules

Question 4

What is a ionic Bond ?

Answer 4

transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom of DIFFERENT electronegativity

Question 5

What is a covalent bond ?

Answer 5

sharing of electrons between atoms of SIMILAR electronegativities

Question 6

Non-polar covalent bond ?

Answer 6

Equal sharing of electrons

Question 7

Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 7

Unequal sharing of electrons creating a dipole ( partial charges)

Question 8

Hydrogen Bond ?

Answer 8

Weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom ( F ,O , N)

Question 9

How are macromolecules formed ? what kind of rxn ?

Answer 9

Dehydration Reaction ; has a product of water and a polymer

Question 10

How do we break macromolecules ?

Answer 10

hydrolysis rxn ; add water in to breakdown polymers to monomers

Question 11

What are the 4 organic macromolecules ?

Answer 11

Protein , Carbohydrates , Lipids , Nucleic Acid

Question 12

What are proteins made up of ? and what are they bonded by ?

Answer 12

Monomers : amino acid
Linkage Type : Peptide Bonds
Function : structure transport , defense , storage , enzymes

Question 13

what makes the amino acid monomer unique ?

Answer 13

the R group

Question 14

Primary Structure is bonded how ?

Answer 14

peptide bonds of amino acids

Question 15

What is the secondary structure of protein ?

Answer 15

you will find a-helices and beta sheets ; H-bonds btw amino carboxyl groups of asjacent amino acids

Question 16

what is the tertiary shape of amino acid ? bonds ?

Answer 16

the 3D shape
bonds :
r - group
hydrophobic interaction
disulfide bonds ( cysteins s-s) * only covalent one

Question 17

Quarternary structure ?

Answer 17

3D PROTEIN SHAPE full ; made of 2 seperate peptide chains

Question 18

What effects shape of the amino acid ?

Answer 18

pH , radiation , temperature ; the primary structure always remains

Question 19

What are carbohydrates ? Bonds ? Function ?

Answer 19

carbohydrates are sugars in the body , bonded by glycosidic linkages ;
function : energy storage

Question 20

monosaccharides

Answer 20

glucose , fructose , galactose

Question 21

disaccharides ?

Answer 21

lactose = galactose + glucose
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Sucrose = fructose + glucose

Question 22

Polysacharides ?

Answer 22

glycogen = store energy in animals
starch = energy storage in plants
cellulose = structural support in plants
Chitin = structural support of insects

Question 23

Lipids ?

Answer 23

they are fats ; hydrophobic non-polar molecules
linkage - covalent carbon-carbon bonds
monomer= hydrocarbons
polymer = hydrocarbon chain

Question 24

type of lipids ?

Answer 24

triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Porphyrins

Question 25

Nucleic Acids ?

Answer 25

monomer = Nucleotide
Polymer - Nucleic Acid ( DNA OR RNA)
Link + Phosphodiester bond
Function : encode , express , and store genetic info

Question 26

A-T how many H bonds ?

Answer 26

2

Question 27

G-C how many H - Bonds ?

Answer 27

3 ( takes more energy to break these bonds :)