DAT BIOLOGY CELLS AND ORGANELLES Flashcards
what is the job of the Nucleus ?
Holds Cell DNA ; coordinated cells activites such as protein synthesis and reproduction
What are organelles ?
they are specialized structures found in a living cell
do prokaryotes have nucleus and if not where is there dna then ?
no ; there dna is in a region called nucleoid
where is the site of ribosomal synthesis ( rRNA)
nucleolus
Fluid filled area that is involved in the cells metabolic activities ?
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria Job ?
Double layered , Makes ATP site of fatty acid catabolism . Has Own Circular DNA and Ribosomes ( maternal )
Ribosomes
made up of rRNA ; help make proteins
Rough E.R ?
has ribosomes attached to the structure , functions to synthesise and store proteins
Smooth E.R
functions to synthesis lipids and steroid hormones for EXPORT
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies and packages protiens ( glycosylate protein)
Lysosomes
created in the golgi ; functions in apoptosis and break down nutrients , bacteria , and cell debris ( CLEANER)
common in the liver and kidney that function to breakdown substances
Peroxisomes
What helps the cell maintain cell shape and movement
CYTOSKELETON
what is the cytoskeleton made up of ? size large to small
Microtubules > Intermediate Fillaments > Microfillaments
this is composed of tubulin and helps support cells and motility through cillia , flagella , and centrioles ?
Microtubules
this simply helps maintain cell shape
Intermediate Microfilaments
Composed of Actin and used for cell Motility
Microfilaments
Vesicles in cell that help us move materials and are MEMBRANE bounded
VACUOLES
Functions to provide mechanical Support and helps bind adjacent cells ( most abundant = collagen )
ECM ( EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
What makes Plant cells unique ?
they have a cell wall
plastids ( chloroplast)
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes ?
Prokaryotes
- lack nucleus
- single circular DNA
- Ribosomal unit = 50s+30s
- cell walls contain peptidoglycan
- archae = polysaccharides
- flagella are made of flagellin not microtubules
euk = we have nucleus ; 60s+40s
no cell wall
Phospholipid Membrane allows what in ; without aid of membrane proteins
do it in order of most permeable to least ?
small non-polar > small uncharged polar >
IF POLAR /LARGE/CHARGE = NEEDS A transporter ( protein aid hehehehe)
Cholesterol
helps with membrane fluidity
allows water in kidneys; known as a channel protein
aquaporins
what passage do molecules that are polar ( hydrophilic) and charged go through :) ?
channel proteins
example of channel proteins ?
ion channles , porins , aquaporins
this passway changes shape after binding to a specific molecule that enables it to be passed across
CARRIER PROTEINS
Proteins that can use ATP to transport material across the membrane ( ACTIVE TRANSPORT ) ( FACILLITATED DIFFUSION)
TRANSPORT PROTEINS ( HEMOGLOBIN)
moves from high to low concentration of solute ( stuff)
DOWN GRADIENT
Passive Transport
- simple diffusion
- osmosis ( water)
-dialysis
-plasmolysis
-countercurrent exchange
uses atp to get it against gradient
active transport
( primary ( uses atp directly )
secondary ( uses gradient of other rxn to feed this rxn)
What is endocytosis ?
when cellular substances are brought into the cells
What are the methods that promote endocytosis ?
Phagocytosis : circle around un-dissolved material ( solids)
Pinocytosis : plama membrane invaginated around a dissolved material ( cellular drinking)
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis : form of pinocytosis ; ligand binds to receptors
Hypertonic
Cell swells
Isotonic
balanced
Hypotonic
shrinkage = plasmolysis
What are the three type of junctions ?
- Anchoring Junction
- Tight Junction
- Gap Junctions
Anchoring Junction
includes desmosomes , connects 2 cells together
Tight Junction
encircle the cell , producing a seal that prevents passage of materials between cells ( DI TRACT)
Gap Junction
Narrow tunnels ( Connexons) between animal cells , allows passage of ions and small molecules
