Dasgupta - Oxygen And CO2 Transport By Blood Flashcards
Henry’s law states that:
The amount of gas dissolved in fluids depends on their solubility coeeficients and partial pressures
Gases disolve in fluids by moving down a ________ gradient
Partial pressure
Partial pressure of oxygen is due to ________ oxygen
Dissolved
NOT oxygen bound to hemoglobin
The total amount of O2 in the blood.
Dissolved O2 and chemically bound O2 to Hb
O2 content
1gm of Hb binds to _____mL Oxygen
1.34
What are two mechanisms in which carbon monoxide poisoning can kill you?
Reduce O2 transport by occupying O2 bindings sites on Hb
Raises the affinity of the remaining O2 bing sites for O2, making unloading of O2 more difficults
Most common signs/symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning
Headache
Dizziness
Confusion
How many parts per million in blood of CO are toxic __? Potentially deadly ___?
70
150
In pulse oximetry, ________ Hm highly reflects red light (650nm) and poorly reflects infra-red (900nm)
Oxygenated
In Pulse Oximetry, ________ Hb poorly reflects red light (650nm) and highly reflects infra-red (900nm)
Deoxygenated
How does pulse oximetry work?
Red light and infra-red light are both reflected differently by oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. The pulse ox shines these into structure (finger/earlobe) and measures the ratio of reflections of the two wavelengths. Giving a % saturation of hemoglobin
Will a pulse oximeter tell you what Hb is saturated with (O2 or CO) or how much hemoglobin there is ?
No
Will be normal in CO poisoning and anemia
Condition that occurs when the lungs cannot remove all of the carbon dioxide the body produces
Respiratory acidosis
Signs and symptoms associated with respiratory acidosis
Confusion, fatigue, shortness of breath, sleepiness, lethargy
Condition in which the CO2 is removed too rapidly from the lungs (hyperventilation)
Respiratory alkalosis
Common signs and symptoms for respiratory alkalosis
Dizziness, light-headedness, numbness in hands and feet.
Rare cases: seizures
P50 -
The partial pressure of oxygen when Hb is 50% saturated
In chronic anemia, p50 shifts _
Right
Due to increase in DPG levels
Persistent hypoxia results in ________ in 2,3 DPG
Increases
Increases in 2,3 DPG ______ Hb affinity
Lowers
At high altitude, DPG production is __________
Accelerated
Allows for increase in Hb’s release of O2 that counterbalances the lower [O2] of mountain air
Persistent elevation of PO2 results in ______ of DPG levels
Lowering
Fetal hemoglobin’s affinity for O2 is ________ than that of adult hemoglobin
Substantially greater
The p50 value for fetal hemoglobin is about ____
19mmHg
Adult is. Roughly 27
Part of the reason for fetal hemoglobin’s increase affinity for oxygen is because it is unable to interact with ____
2,3 DPG
Adaptation to chronic hypoxemia
Generation of new RBC’s
Takes about 2-3 weeks
Increased hematocrit and additional O2 carrying capacity of blood
(Also increased blood volume and increased viscosity of blood that creates and additional workload on heart :(
Polycythemia
Three forms of CO2 transport in blood
Dissolved in plasma
As bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Bound to hemoglobin
Major form for CO2 transport in blood?
Bicarbonate
In RBC’s H2O + CO2 —> bicarbonate is catalyzed by ?
Carbonic anhydrase
Hemoglobin’s affinity for CO2 increases in situations with _____
Low oxygen
The relationship between pCO2 and the CO2 content (Vol %) of blood is ____
Linear
Non-respiratory functions of the lung
Defense mechanism
Air-conditioning
Olfaction
Filtration and removal of particles
Blood filter
Blood reservoir
Metabolism of circulating substances
The major players in the defense functions of the lungs are ____________ , which engulf bacteria and foreign particles
Alveolar macrophages
In defense mechanism of lungs, alpha-1 anti-trypsin is a _________
Bacteriostatic agent
All players in the defense mechanisms of the lungs
Alpha-1 anti trypsin
Interferons
Alveolar macrophages
Lymphocytes
Vibrissae
Nasal hairs
First site of filtration of air in the nose
Removes particles greater than 10 or 15 micron in diameter
Key mechanism to remove foreign particles, bacteria, and dead cells. The continuous upward movement of the cilia which continually moves mucous up the airway.
Impaired by cig smoking
Mucociliatory escalator
Scarring of the airways as a result of recurrent lung infection and inflammation. Cannot clear mucous.
Bronchiectasis
The blood vessels of the lung accomodate about _______ mL of blood in an adult male
500
What happens to many vasoactive substances when they reach the lung?
The endothelial cells that line pulmonary vessels are involved in the uptake or conversion of several vasoactive substances
Prostaglandins E1, E2, F2-alpha are _______ in a single pass through the lungs
Completely removed
