Darley Philosophy and Abrahamic Religions Flashcards
What philosophical school of thought was founded by Aristippus and practiced by the Cyrenaics, centering on the belief that pleasure and suffering are the only components of well-being?
hedonism
What 1513 treatise consists of 5 parts including “Of God”, “Of Nature and Its Origin”, and “Of the Servitude of Humanity”, written by Baruch Spinoza?
Ethics
What is the name for the weekly day of rest commemorating God’s rest after six days of creation in Judaism?
Shabbat
In the Bahá’í faith, what exact term is used to refer to individuals often called ‘prophets’ in other religions, specifically linked with the concept of progressive revelation?
Manifestations of God
What branch of nihilism refers to the belief that life has no intrinsic value or meaning?
existential nihilism
What branch of Christianity was criticized for its abusive nature in the Russian Nihilist movement of the 1860s?
Eastern Orthodox (Church)
Which French nobleman’s philosophies have been called a precursor to nihilism, but is more famous for his views on sexuality?
Donatien François, Marquis de Sade
What Abrahamic religion was founded in Jamaica in the 1930s, with groups divided into “mansions”?
Rastafarianism
By what name do practitioners of Rastafarianism refer to God, which is also the proper name of God in the Hebrew Bible?
Jah (or Yah)
Who was known as “The Gong” and “The First Rasta” for his role in founding the Rastafarian religion and their first village at Sligoville, St. Catherine, in Jamaica?
Leonard Howell
Which 20th century Emperor of Ethiopia is regarded as a Second Coming of Christ in the Rastafarian religion?
Haile Selassie I
In respective order to their description in this question, list the cities home to two philosophers named Zeno: the first philosopher is known for his complex paradoxes and the second founded the Stoic school.
Elea and Citium
What term, meaning “from the earlier”, refers to knowledge one can gain without relying on previous experience?
a priori
In what 1781 work did Kant first explore the limits of metaphysics, comparing a priori and a posteriori knowledge as well as analytic and synthetic judgements?
Critique of Pure Reason
What events did Kant theorize could be eliminated with several necessary conditions, including a world of constitutional democratic republics?
wars
What two thought traditions is Kant regarded as having combined, one stating that knowledge comes only from primary experience, and the other stating that reason is the primary source of knowledge?
empiricism and rationalism
This man from Miletus was one of the first to reject any mythological origins for the universe, instead hypothesizing that all matter was derived from water. He is widely first regarded as being the ‘first philosopher’.
Thales
Along with his teacher, Antisthenes, this philosopher helped found the cynic school of philosophy. He is also noted for having slept in a large ceramic jar in Corinth.
Diogenes
This first moral philosopher made great contributions to early ethics, but all that is known about him is from the writings of Xenophon and another student who wrote The Apology.
Socrates
Living during the Spring and Autumn period, this man emphasized the importance of individual and governmental morality. His namesake Chinese school of philosophy is also known as Ruism.
Confucius
This man founded a school of philosophy named after him, which faded as Stoicism gained popularity. He preached against Platonism at his school, called ‘the Garden’, in Athens.
Epicurus
A semi-legendary figure, I may have lived during the Warring States period. I allegedly wrote Tao Te Ching and am credited as founding philosophical Taoism.
Lao Tzu (also accept Laozi or Lao-Tze)
This polymath and philosopher studied at The Academy in Athens, and later tutored Alexander the Great. He also wrote Rhetoric and described the nature of tragedy in his Poetics.
Aristotle
The teacher of Aristotle, this man is known for his ‘Dialogues’ and his description of Socrates’s downfall. He wrote The Republic, containing the Allegory of the Cave.
Plato
What Festival of Lights is an eight-day holiday that starts on the 25th day of the month of Kislev?
Hanukkah
Which philosopher’s only book published during his lifetime investigated the relationship between language and reality as well as the limits of science? That book is Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
In order, what are the first three books of the Torah? Hebrew or English names are acceptable.
Bereshit (Book of Genesis),
Shemot (Book of Exodus),
Vayikra (Book of Leviticus)
“L’Ami du peuple” was a political newspaper that advocated strongly against the aristocracy in the French Revolution. Who painted a famous image of the paper’s creator dead in his bathtub?
Jacques-Louis David
What Christian denomination was created after Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII?
Anglican (or Church of England)
Which philosopher contributed to the Continental tradition and was temporarily banned from university teaching due to his public support of Nazism?
Martin Heidegger
Who wrote Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men in 1754?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
What body of religious laws is derived from the written and Oral Torah, but is considered ‘less binding’ in everyday life due to room for rabbinic interpretation?
halakha
also accept halacha, halakhah, halachah, or halocho
What 1st Viscount St. Alban was a philosopher and statesman argued for scientific knowledge based only on inductive reasoning, as well as serving as Lord Chancellor and Attorney General?
Francis Bacon
Which philosopher defended divine miracles with a principle that states ‘Entities should not be multiplied without necessity’: his namesake “razor”?
William of Ockham (or Occam)
What family of philosophical theories was developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, believing in providing the ‘greatest good for the greatest number’?
utilitarianism
Which author of the 1798 work Memoir was one of the first feminist philosophers, best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman?
Mary Wollstonecraft
What theory argues that individuals surrender certain freedoms in exchange for protection of social order and their remaining rights, originating during the Age of Enlightenment?
social contract theory
What ‘Father of Liberalism’ proposed that the mind was a tabula rasa at birth?
John Locke
What Nobel laureate wrote “Principia Mathematica” on the logical foundations of mathematics, “Why Men Fight” during the First World War, and “Why I Am Not a Christian” in 1927?
Bertrand Russell
Which philosopher is known for his critiques of Hobbes’s egosim and Locke’s theory of personal identity, as well as being Bishop of Bristol and apocryphally declining the position of Archbishop of Canterbury?
Joseph Butler
In my doctoral thesis, written under Frederik Sibbern, I argued that Plato and
Xenophon interpret Socrates too literally, with only Aristophanes understanding his irony. In my magnum opus, I state that “Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards,” exemplifying the philosophical tradition with which I am most closely associated. Some of my other famous works include “Fear and Trembling” and”The Sickness Unto Death,” both of which were written under some of my many pseudonyms. I was a Danish philosopher who is credited with founding existentialism. Who am I?
Søren Kierkegaard
What 1971 work on political and ethical philosophy by John Rawls addresses problems in distributing good within society?
A Theory of Justice
What hypothetical method of reaching fair decisions proposed by John Rawls involves isolating decision-makers from their positions within society?
veil of ignorance
In any order, name the three disciples after which the synoptic Gospels are named.
Matthew, Mark, and Luke
Name both the apostle who betrayed Jesus, leading to his crucifixion, and the apostle who replaced the former as one of the twelve apostles.
Judas Iscariot and Matthias
Which apostle is generally held to be the first Bishop of Rome and the first Pope?
Peter
What Second Pillar of Islam calls for specific prayers to be made at 5 times throughout the day?
salat
What is the exact term for someone undertaking the responsibility described in the Fifth pillar, namely making the pilgrimage to Mecca?
haji
What ten practices must Shia Muslims carry out? Many are important to other Muslim groups, though not all are considered “Pillars” by other sects.
Ancillaries of the Faith
Spell the last name of the philosopher who used the Apollonian/Dionysian dichotomy to evaluate himself in “Ecce Homo.”
Friedrich Nietzsche (N-I-E-T-Z-S-C-H-E)
Which philosopher’s doctrine of separating oneself from will in order to reduce suffering was called ‘passive nihilism’ by Nietzsche?
Arthur Schopenhauer
What French influence of Nietzsche exemplified his wit and sarcasm with his aphorism, “If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him”?
François-Marie Arouet (or Voltaire)
What earlier Prussian idealist philosopher influenced Nietzsche despite having strongly opposing views and wrote Science of Logic and Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences?
Georg Hegel
What author analyzed women’s oppression and influenced feminist philosophy with the novels, “She Came to Stay” and “The Mandarins?”
Simone de Beauvoir
What journal, named after a Charlie Chaplin film, was founded by de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre, in which some chapters of “The Second Sex” were first published?
Les Temps Modernes (also accept Modern Times)
In what year did Les Temps Modernes cease publication, after 74 years of printing?
2019
What book had its 200th anniversary of publication in 2019, Arthur Schopenhauer’s most famous work?
The World as Will and Representation
What metaphysical belief states that determinism can and does coexist with free will?
compatibilism
Which compatibilist philosopher also advocated for naturalism, skepticism, and empiricism in his “A Treatise of Human Nature?”
David Hume
What type of music was advocated against primarily by philosophers Nietzsche and Hegel, as well as programmatic composer Richard Wagner?
absolute music
Who wrote the unfinished 1265-1274 work “Summa Theologica?”
Thomas Aquinas
What work of political philosophy was signed by 56 delegates at the Second Continental Congress and written by a group of men led by Thomas Jefferson?
Declaration of Independence
Which philosopher demonstrated ‘the existence of God and the immortality of the soul’ in his 1641 “Meditations on First Philosophy?”
René Descartes
What branch of Islam believes that Muhammad clearly designated Ali ibn Ali Talib as his successor, and can further be separated into Twelvers and Ismailis?
Shia (also accept Shi’ite)
What term describes a broad group of Muslim sects that originally supported the caliphate of Ali but later fought against him, the main extant subsect of which is the Ibadi movement?
Kharijite (also accept Khawarij or ash-Shurah)
In the Sunni tradition, who was elected as the first caliph following the passing of Muhammad?
Abu Bakr (Abdullah ibn Uthman)
Which 20th-century French philosopher was the first public figure in France to die from HIV/AIDS, leading to the founding of the AIDES charity by his partner, Daniel Defert?
(Paul-)Michel Foucault
Foucault’s 1975 “Discipline and Punish” focused on the rise of what institutions, through both humanitarian and social change lenses?
prisons
At what experimental university did Foucault head the philosophy department from 1970, only one year after its founding?
University of Paris VIII (also accept University of Vincennes in
Saint-Denis and French translation)
What 1976 book by Foucault explored the concept of power in relation to the title subject?
The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge (also accept Histoire de la sexualité: la volonté de savoir)
What movement, featuring writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, emphasized a deep return to nature?
transcendentalism
What philosopher’s deep unpopularity during his life led to his founding of pragmatism being widely associated with another man?
Charles Pierce
William James, the most widely recognized classical pragmatist, was also the first educator in the USA to offer a course in what field?
psychology
What Associate Justice of the Supreme Court had his philosophical views shaped by the Civil War and was the foremost figure who brought legal realism and his prediction theory of law to the Supreme Court?
Oliver Wendell Holmes
Hannah Arendt asserted that a mainstay of one example of me was that my members did not “recognize ordinary moral standards.” On analysing the same historic example, John Maynard Keynes wrote that “the youth had no religion save [me] and this was worse than nothing.” Although ideologies and views within me are highly varied, they all share central values including common ownership. I was redefined and popularized by two German philosophers in 1848, and Canadian MP Fred Rose belonged to a party with this ideology before being convicted of spying for the Soviet Union. What am I?
communism
What 1859 work by John Stuart Mill applies the utilitarian system to society, including the balance between authority and the title concept?
On Liberty
What highest ecclesiastical censure in the Jewish community was issued against Baruch Spinoza in 1656?
herem
With what political movement is Emma Goldman most associated, exemplified in both “My Disillusionment in Russia” and “My Further Disillusionment in Russia?”
anarchism
What Stoic philosopher was called simply “the philosopher” by contemporary biographers and wrote “Meditations?”
Marcus Aurelius
What doctrine, held by Jehovah’s Witnesses, Oneness Pentacostals, and Unitarian Christians rejects the notion that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are three separate entities?
nontrinitarianism
What posthumously-published set of Wittgenstein’s lectures cover a wide range of topics, including language-games and possible differences between understanding and explaining?
Blue and Brown Books
What treatise is one of the earliest examples of social contract theory, published in 1651 by Thomas Hobbes?
Leviathan (or The Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil)
To what primarily Iberian branch of Judaism did Baruch Spinoza belng?
Sephardic (also accept Sephardi)
What work by René Descartes lays out his views on scientific and philosophical systems and contained his most famous quotation, “I think, therefore I am”?
Discourse on the Method (also accept full title or Discours de la méthode)
Who has been a leading figure in anti-Capitalist and anti-Imperialist movements for the past several decades, and also wrote Syntactic Structures in 1957?
Noam Chomsky
What anti-semitic former-priest translated the bible into German and may have nailed a list of 95 complaints about indulgences on a church door in Wittenberg?
Martin Luther
What work by Karl Marx remains the most cited book in social sciences published before 1950?
Das Kapital
What former Archbishop of Canterbury was canonized and proclaimed a Doctor of the Church after his death, and is the originator of the ontological argument for the existence of God?
Saint Anselm of Canterbury
