dangerous people Flashcards

Question

what was Edmund Campions trial like

Answer 1

campion was tortured on the rack (a machine that slowly stretched his arms and legs out of the joint). he then revealed the names of Catholics who had helped him e.g. Thomas Tresham. however even under torture he insisted that he never encouraged rebellion against Elizabeth. at his trial in November 1581 the only witness who swore that they had heard Campion call on Catholics to rebel against their Queen were the government's own spies

Answer 2

on the 1st December 1581 Campion and two other priests were dragged by horses to their place of execution at Tyburn in London. His captors told him to beg for the queens forgiveness but Campion said no because he said he had done nothing wrong

Answer 3

when put on trial after 1585 priests always had to answer what became known as the 'bloody question' and this asked them whose side they would take if a foreign power were to obey the pope and invade England to remove Elizabeth from the throne and if they replied that they would support Elizabeth their credibility as a priest was gone but if they declared their support for the pope they had shown themselves to be a traitor they would be executed

Answer 4

Mary was directly descended from the first Tudor king (henry VII) and if Elizabeth died without children, Mary would be next in line to the English throne and she would turn England back to Catholicism and almost as soon as Mary arrived England Catholics started causing trouble for Elizabeth and a Catholic rebellion in the north of England was put down in 1569 and a plot to murder Elizabeth and Mary's presence in England as a ready mad Catholic replacement for the Protestant queen Elizabeth led the pope toe excommunicate Elizabeth in 1570

Answer 5

on the 12th October 1586 Mary was put on trial at Fotheringhay castle in Northamptonshire. to argue her execution she said that god had made her a queen and no court had the right to try her and nor original messages existed and evidence was forged and that Babington, Ballard and others gave their evidence against her under torture. however mary was found guilty but Elizabeth refused to sign a warrant for mary's death for several weeks becuase she hated the idea of killing another woman but when she did eventually sign the warrant William Cecil immediately sent it to Fotheringhay. Mary was executed on the 8th February 1587

Answer 6

Elizabeth I had refused to marry Philip II of Spain at the start of her reign, and throughout the 1570s English sailors such as Drake and Hawkins acted like pirated and attacking Spanish ports and ships in the new world, and Spain ruled the Netherlands and Philip II was angry when Elizabeth sent money to aid Protestant Dutch rebels there in the 1570s and Philip II was a deeply religious Catholic and in 1580 when Pope Gregory said that it would not be a sin to kill Elizabeth and Philip started to support plotters who wanted to replace her with Mary queen of Scots

Answer 7

in 1584 a Catholic subject of Philip II shot and killed the leader of the Dutch Protestant rebels (Prince William of Orange) and this murder shocked Elizabeth and she also knew the same could happen to her. Elizabeth's advisers had been trying to get her to send an army to help the Dutch rebels for many years and after his murder she finally decided to do so. in 1585 she signed a treaty withe the Dutch rebels and sent the Earl for Leicester with an army of 7000 men to fight against the Spanish in the Netherlands and so England and Spain were at war. Despite Leicester's poor leadership the English troops did stop Spanish advances in the Netherlands and at the same time Francis Drake sailed to the West Indies and attacked Spanish ports there and returned with treasure from Spanish ships

Answer 8

Philip put the Duke of Medina Sidonia in charge of the Armada but he had little experience of sailing, the Armada of 130 ships sailed up the English channel chased by English ships and it waited at Calais for the Duke of Parma's army, the Dutch ships blocked the Duke of Parma's army in the Netherlands stopping it from joining up with the Armada, the English set fire to some old ships and let them drift into the Armada as fireships and then the Spanish panicked and but their anchors and sailed north, near Gravelines the English ships attacked the Spanish and one spanish ship sank and also the spanish guns were unreliable but the English ones worked well e.g. 1000 spanish men died and only 50 english were killed, the armada was driven north by the winds and headed back to spain by sailing north around Scotland, powerful storms wrecked about 44 spanish ships off Scotland and Ireland and about 80 ships eventually struggled back to spain

Answer 9

the english calmly waited for the armada to arrive and Drake finished a game of bowls, Drake commanded the English fleet and brought England victory, the armada heavily outnumbered the English fleet, smaller english ships pluckily defeated large spanish ones, the tactic of sending fireships into the armada while it waited at Calais made all the difference, Elizabeth made a stirring speech at Tilbury that gave the English confidence, if the armada had succeeded then England would have become a spanish colony, the english suffered barely any casualties, the defeat of the armada meant that Britain ruled the waves

Answer 10

the english wanted to attack the armada before it fot into the english channel but the wind kept their ships in Plymouth, lord Howard of Effingham was the commander, the armada had many troop carrier ships but each side had about 30 to 35 warships, the ships were the about the same size but the english ships changed direction more easily and had better guns, if Dutch ships had not blocked the duke of Parma's armies at Bruges the armada would have picked up the troops and would not have been anchored at Calais, Elizabeth made her speech days after the armada cut its anchors and was driven north by the wind and it was near Scotland when Elizabeth made her speech, Philip II did not want to rule England and he just wanted to restore the Catholic faith, Elizabeth kept the sailors on board ship for weeks after as she could not afford to pay them and thousands died of hunger and disease, Britain only achieved control of the seas in the eighteenth century

Answer 11

1589- Francis Drake led an 'English armada' to attack Portugal and stir the Portuguese to revolt against spain and it was an expensive failure, 1594- the northern Netherlands became a secure Protestant area and virtually independent from Spain and Spain still ruled a weakened Southern Netherlands but was much less likely to attack England, 1595- Francis Drake and John Hawkins died at sea while attempting to raid Spanish ships and ports in the new world, 1596- England formed an allience with France and with the protestant Netherlands against spain, 1596- the earl of Essex led a successful raid on the Spanish port of Cadiz, 1596 and 1597- Philip II sent spain's second and third armadas against England but both were wrecked by storms, 1601- a spanish army landed in Ireland and the earl of Tyrone had started a Catholic rebellion against English rule in 1594 and the spanish hoped to help him win and create a base for an invasion of England and the spanish force was defeated and Tyrone's rebellion finally ended in 1603, 1604- one year after Elizabeth's death the war with spain was ended by the treaty of London and it had lasted almost twenty years

Answer 12

by 1603 when Elizabeth died almost all England's Catholics had given up their faith or were attending Protestant church services weach week without complaint. since the death of mary queen of scots there was no obvious Catholic leader to replace Elizabeth so the heir to the throne became Marys son James VI who was a protestant. but still a small core of English Catholics remained and in 1605 just two years after Elizabeth died a few of these die hard Catholics planned the famously unsuccessful gunpowder plot that aimed to assassinate king james and his government