Dan Part 2

Question 1

Ptsd symptoms

Answer 1

Main stressor event- complex is trauma related to multiple event dove time. Intrusion symptoms (replaying it), changes to reactivity/hyperarousal. - changes in cog/mod- mirrors depression, avoidance behaviours. Stressor can be direct, witnessing, close relationship to person, indirect like medic

Question 2

Amygdala

Answer 2

Emotion processing, stims hpa axis, reward, motivation and learning
Liberzon: ptsd veterans, normal veterans and controls did pet, played white noise or combat sounds. Ptsd showed greater stress and skin response to combat and greater response in L amygdala

Question 3

Cingulate cortex

Answer 3

Anterior cc has attention, reward, decisions and emotion
Part of fronto striatal network and salience network- alerts attention to threats/ unexpected stim
Shin: 8 veterans w ptsd and 8 without counted no. combat words, - and neutral words
Showed less response to - words in rostral anterior cc, as it mediates response to - stim in a healthy brain

Question 4

Thalamus

Answer 4

Brains relay station for sensory info
Important visual areas are pulvinar and lateral geniculate nucleus
Responds to bottom up and top down input
Hypothalamus forms key part of hpa axis

Question 5

Dlpfc

Answer 5

Attention network in studies of cog control, greater bold when controlling cog response
Part of frontal striatal network

Question 6

Orbitofrontal

Answer 6

Decision making and future planning, task switching and eval
Path between dlpfc and amygdala

Question 7

Meta anal of brain areas

Answer 7

Etkin and wager: mri data from ptsd, as, phobia as ptsd was classed as anxiety disorder. All showed greater in amygdala and insula, ptsd less reactive in orbitofrontal, thalamus and cingulate

Question 8

Hippo

Answer 8

Part of limbic system, memory processing, attenuated hpa axis. Logue meta anal found smaller hippo in ptsd across diff types of trauma. Gilberston: hippo vol in civilian twin predicts severity of ptsd in combat twin so smaller hippo risk factor - linked to neurotrophic hyp of depression so ptsd show depression symptoms

Question 9

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis- hpa

Answer 9

Neuro endocrine response, when stressor, neurones in hypothalamus release corticotropin releasing hormone, stim S adrenocorticotropic from pituitary, stim S glucocorticoids from adrenal glands. Which prepares for fight or flight. Hippo and pfc inhibit this process, amygdala stim S neurones in hypo, cortisol controls over hpa but regulating hippo so sustained cortisol damages hippo- hyp that ptsd due to overactive hpa

Question 10

W for hpa

Answer 10

Studies not consistent in effect of hpa in ptsd, some say cortisol reduced due to - feedback, some suggest ptsd subtypes differ to hpa reactivity
Multiple ways to measure cortisol so may be less valid

Question 11

Sleep disturbance and hyperarousal

Answer 11

Measure brain activity, shows REM and non split into n3 deep, n2 and n1. REM has theta/more waves, high AcH, low adren high cortisol, non has opposite. Sleep issues in ptsd: insomnia, nightmares, paralysis. Cortical hyperarousal includes intrusive thoughts while going to sleep, marked by beta waves. Ptsd have more cortical hyper- risk factor as patterns stable across person before ptsd but ptsd can cause so goes both ways

Question 12

Theory behind sleep and ptsd

Answer 12

Sleep boosts emotional response to memories as replays to strengthen memories so deprivation/ replays emotional experiences. However, sleep can take away affective tone/ emotion , leaving memory so if sleep disturbed, this doesn’t happen

Question 13

Treatments - cortisol, extinction and the brain regions

Answer 13

Cortisol treatment to help hpa doesn’t work as don’t know if risk or cause, hydrocortisone can be preventative after a trauma but not treatment. Extinction is presenting conditioned stim without unconditioned. Pitman: correlation between orbito and extinction, acc- linked to extinction, vmpfc signlas amyg to control fear response- high connectivity between vmpfc and acc leads to more extinction

Question 14

Treatments: extinction and sleep , EMDR - eye movement desensitisation and reprogramming

Answer 14

Sleep helps consolidate memory of distinction , Denis: hyperarousal means worse distinction. Sleep also makes exposure therapy better. EMDR: by franccine Shapiro, ps follow rapid stim W eyes while recalling event- don’t know why it works, one idea ptsd is failed memory processing so emdr fakes REM. Rousseau: mri before and after found change in amyg, thalamus, caudate, dlpfc

Question 15

Acquired vs traumatic

Answer 15

Acquired is Any damage not born with. Traumatic is caused by outside the body, non traumatic is from inside the body e.g stroke

Question 16

Stroke

Answer 16

Ischemic is when attires become blocked, haemorrhaging I’d when blood vessel ruptures. Under diagnosis in kids, better now due to awareness and comorbid W heart issues, risk for kids are congenital heart disease, sickle cell, infection. Adults is diabetes, high blood pressure. In newborns see seizures, sleepiness. In kids see headaches, sleepiness, loss of balance, vomiting

Question 17

Long term stroke impacts

Answer 17

Christeron and stromberg: kids who had strokes 10 years later, 4/51 died, majority had neur and school deficits, weakness in one side (hemiparesis) but no diffs in age of stroke schryver: 4 died, 9 dev seizures, 15 hemi, most needed extra school support but all considered themselves happy and not severely disabled. Anderson: compared stroke, normal and asthma kids W stroke had more social issues, lesion vol not correlated, younger age of stroke predicted better social and higher esteem

Question 18

Foetal alc syndrome -FAS background

Answer 18

Not acquired as after birth, type of foetal alc spectrum disorder. Associated w poor growth, face features, organ issues, small brain, epilepsy or seizures, cc, learning diff, attention and behaviour. To get diagnosis need all 3 of face issues (smooth philturm, thin vermilion border, small palpebral fissures), growth deficits and CNS abnormalities (structural neuro or functional)

Question 19

FASD diagnosis

Answer 19

For main don’t need confirmation of alc but confirmed absence would rule out. Face features only affect 25%. Partial FAS requires confirmed alc, cns abnormalities but may not face face or growth deficits. Neurobehavioural disorder associated w prenatal alc- don’t need confirmation of alc

Question 20

FAS neuro bio cases

Answer 20

Alc passes via placenta, foetus can’t process so leads to diff cns dev including cell death, issues W neural migration (extreme is smooth brain) and disruption of gene expression (extreme foetus dies). Learning diffs, EF, more subtle diagnosed w adhd. Excessively friendly, preschoolers don’t discriminate between strangers and known, not linked to iq. When older at risk of abuse and exploitation

Question 21

Traumatic brain injury

Answer 21

Closed when skull not damaged, penetrating when damaged. Damage primary (in the moment, rapid accel/decc ) or secondary (altered blood flow or inflammation- doctors try to prevent). Can be mild mod or severe mild e.g. concussion. Focal is one area, diffuse is across - can have combos

Question 22

Tbi in kids

Answer 22

Many data use hospital records but majority are mild so will be missed, mckinlay found prevalence of 30%
For ages 0-14, most common cause is falls, 15025 contact sports and motor vehicle accidents, children under 5 and 15-19 at biggest risk for a tbi- incidence of tbi increased risk for future tbi

Question 23

Cog effects of tbi- EF

Answer 23

Levin: wm impaired in children post severe tbi compared to mild. Schachar: impaired inhibition in some 2 years post tbi but only those who developed secondary adhd. Mangeot: tbi showed long term issues in executive function for severe and mod 5 years after- ef issues linked to psychosocial outcomes and also family functioning e.g. impacts of support or disruptions on fam life

Question 24

Social effects of tbi

Answer 24

Childhood tbi linked to social impairment especially at young age of injury, frontal regions and cc, social disadvantage and family dysfunction. Hanten: virtual reality to test social problem solving, tbi showed sig social problem solving abilities, including describing issue, id solutions, appropriate response- issues apparent as cog load increased

Question 25

Shaken baby syndrome SBS

Answer 25

More likely to have diffuse tbi bc of open fontanelle (top of skull), hard to tell whether accidental or inflicted. Triad classification: subdural haemotoma, retinal haemorrhages and encephalopathy. Best evidence from admitted sbs. Tavik: 22 survivors, 2 no issues, epilepsy 7, ophthalmologist in 4, younger admission had worse outcomes

Question 26

SBS predictors

Answer 26

Barr et al: Crying may be a trigger for shaking- show a crying curve w peak at 5/6/7 weeks, most cases of sbs around same time, bit delayed
Barr: argue prevention programs need to consider education about how crying may frustrate parents, let them know some crying is unsoothable

Question 27

Tbi recovery - kennard

Answer 27

Restitution: injured system heals itself, substitution: function moved to another area. Kennard principle: young brain more resilient to injury as reorganised better. Equipotentiality is any part of brain can do any job. Dennis&Whitaker: 3 kids had whole hemi removed, had good school and iq, l loss had issues W syntax but semantics find- some functions more plastic

Question 28

Functional plasticity

Answer 28

Anderson: 8 year old w tumour in brocas did mri- increasing activation in other areas suggests other brain regions were starting to take up lag functions- skills decreased so even if substitution takes place, the new areas may not do it in an optimal way

Question 29

Age and recovery

Answer 29

Anderson: greater injury predicted worse iq, age at injury didn’t predict for mild/mod but for severe, younger had worse iq. Yeates: age at injury little effect on outcomes but all 6+. Khuts bushbeck: younger age didn’t predict better outcomes at sensorimotor. Overall: fasd baribale, stroker younger did better, SBS younger did worse

Question 30

Hidden deficits / growing into deficits

Answer 30

Full impact not clear until later as demands increase. Westmacott: preschool performance didn’t differ from norm but middle adulthood sig decline in iq, reasoning, wm. Anderson suggest plasticity vs vulnerability is a scale. Brain injuries in kids often at critical periods. Problem solving, planning, attention.