Catherine-interocrpetion Flashcards
Definitions
Feelings we get from the body, distinct from senses
Foundation of sense of self, self awareness and emotion
Restrictive: visceral sherrington 48, just info w functional state of internal organs e.g. pain but more recent or inclusive: gen homeostasis sensory capacity craig 2002, info w needs of body e.g. temperature, touch like affective touch
Difference between afferent and efferent nerves
Afferent nerves- send info from body to brain by sensory neurones (interception signals) has unmyelinated e.g. C afferent for things like touch (v small) and myelinated like pain. Efferent go from brain to body via motor neurones . Allows for homeostasis
Pathway in brain
Types of receptors nociceptors-pain, thermorecpetors temp, osmorecpetors thirst and baroreceptors-hr. spinal thalamic path- signals via small afferents come into the marginal layer called lamina 1 of the dorsal horn then cross contralat. Into lateral spinothalamic tract then into brain stem, thalamus, hypo and amygdala then stops in cortex (insula and anterior cingulate) L1 also gets efferent.
Itch Scratch cycle
Insular cortex between parietal and temp lobes. Akiyama 2011: we scratch an itch, when get pain from scratch this activates interneurones which inhibit (gaba) so reduce signal from itch- scratching in inhibits itch. damaged skin releases infllamm chems for more itch then cycle continues
Emotion
Intrinsic link between physical feelings and emotion,. Nummenmaa 2018: asked ppl where they felt emotions in body, found consensus like anxiety in chest… alexithymia is when ppl can’t id emotions or diff between body sensations. But brain axis, connections in lang like butterflies in tummy. Brain links bidirectional as emotion affect
Idea of the self
Aristotle said in the heart. Limanowski and hecht 2011 head and heart , when ps asked where the self was located. Alsmith and longo 2014- between head and torso. Reason why heart on valentines. behaviours evolved to produce goal directed actions that fulfil homeostasis/drive behaviour e.g. cold shower when hot
Garfinkel 2014
Attentional blink paradigm- have gap in attention right after paying attention to something else. Did rapid serial visual presentations of stims had target 1(house), target 2 (face W diff emotions) and scrambled images in between (less likely to see 2) stim presented either in systole (contraction) or diastole (relaxing)- systole only led to greater id of the fear faces - when anxious more aware of threats
Garfinkel part 2
Did mri W neutral or scared faces in either systole or diastole. Systole led to greater ratings of intensity only for fear. Diastole greater intensity in nuetral. Ppl W more anxiety had bigger effect (higher intensity ratings). Timing of stim linked to anterior insular and fear linked to amygdala so emotional stim mod by visceral state. More arousal- more systole
Azevedo 2017
Same task as last but target 1 primed W b or W male faces then target 2 saw either tool or weapon in sys or dias. Systole created worse stereotyping as saw weapon more for b and tools for W/ more accurate for tools in white but less in b. First person shooter task: shown b or w ppl unarmed or armed then asked if they would shoot - ps chose to shoot unarmed b more than W in systole only-cardiac signals enhance slaiance of social cues
Craig 2002/2003
Primates have distinct cortical image of homo afferent activity that reflects physiological condition - in humans, a meta representation of the primary interoceptive activity in the anterioir insula, basis for the material self
Interception and hr
Mechanoreceptors detect changed in arterial blood psi and gen afferent signals on each hb. Ind W high sensitivity can count their hb. Compare to actual from ecg/transducer but most perform at chance unless trained
Interoceptive sensibility
Subjective experience of interoception, measured using self report. Multidimensional assessment of intero awareness- mehling 2012, questionnaire to test e.g. w noticing, sustain attention, trusting, body listening. Called awareness as made before sensibility defined. Also the body awareness questionnaire- how ppl think they can detect small changes
Interoceptive awareness
How good you actually are and how good you think you are, metacognition. If believe good but bad, have a low awareness . Look at link between hr mointering and self reported confidence
Neural signature of interoception
Fmri bold signals: good spatial res (can I’d insula) but poor temp res as no immediate response. Eeg: bad spatial as insula in fold as appears as if diff location but good temp as time with hb. Hb evoked potential locked to R wave 300ms shows cortical processing of hb, greater means stronger cardiac perception (pollatos and schandry 2004. Ps counted hb, hep larger in good perceived and linked W accuracy b detection. Eeg in brain similar to hb eeg
Critchlet 2004
Detected hb or musical notes. Either synchronous or not W hb. In exteriception task asked if all notes the same. When attending to hb, greater anterioir insula when detecting mismatch- insula correlated W accuracy of hb detection and anxiety. Grey matter in insula correlated W accuracy of hr detection and interoception
The insular cortex
Linked to cog and emotional tasks like disgust, salience. Body related like body perception, awareness/agency and internal signals. Latin for island as cortex hidden below sylvian fissure/lateral sulcus, beneath opercula of frontal, p and temp lobes. Divided into anterioir and posterior by central insular sulcus
Insular cortex connectivity
Posterior connects to posterior thalamus, anterior to limbic and amygdala-middle zone has mix of anterior and posterior.Interoceptive inputs enter posterior insula then connected to mid and anterior for integration w other parts
Insular other connections
Afferents to topographically organised reps-visceral insular cortex for interoception, gustatory cortex has the taste and insular auditory field, somatosensory field.Receives info about blood psu and o2, timings/strength of hr etc..Top down control of autonomic function liek reg hr and blood psi
Anatomical hub w links to other regions
Process of the insular cortex
Avery 2015: fmri, ps attend to viscera or extero by sweet or neutral taste. In intero-more activity in posterior but more ant in extero.mid insula overlap of intero ans extero, has hedonic/pleasure response to food, may be mediated by post ingestive caloric signals to condition flavour prefs as sweet high calorie so good for evolution
Summ of insular cortex
processes intero info, receives sensory info, regulates intero using efferents, integrates intero and extero info, means create coherent experiences - experience body as a single entntiy
Link to behaviour - Accolla and charleston 2008
Conditioned taste aversion for saccharine in rats by using malaise. During conditioning, more overlap between bitter and sweet maps in insula gustatory cortex but returns to normal after (homeo)- rats avoided saccharin as insular integrates taste and physical state and hedonic value e.g. aversion to tequila
Cravings
Integrates ventral striatum, links body state to hedonic, leads to craving. Compared smokers W insular legions to smokers W damage in other areas. W insula damage more likely to quit without relapse as body forget urge to smoke as no link between smoking, hedonic response and reward. Insula induces urges and bring back body state e.g. smelling smoke- reward network incentive for a state , cog impl as regulates attention and withdrawal disturbs homeo as intensifies
