Damjanov - Hormonal Diseases of the Ovary

Question 1

what is the basis of oral contraceptives?

Answer 1

inhibition of FSH with synthetic estrogens/progesterones

Question 2

inhibin VS activin

Answer 2

secreted by granulosa cells

• inhibin promotes androgen synthesis, but inhibits conversion to estrogen, and negatively feeds back to pituitary
• activin inhibits androgen synthesis and promotes conversion to estrogens, and activates pituitary

Question 3

how does estrogen affect the uterus?

Answer 3

development and growth during puberty and pregnancy depends on estrogen
-endometrium proliferates in response to estrogen

Question 4

how does estrogen affect the vagina?

Answer 4

essential for normal development

-promotes proliferation and maturation of vaginal epithelium and accumulation of glycogen

Question 5

how does estrogen affect the fallopian tubes?

Answer 5

regulates function of ciliated cells, mucus production, and smooth muscle contraction

Question 6

how does estrogen affect the breast?

Answer 6

development and enlargement during puberty

Question 7

how does estrogen affect the fat tissue?

Answer 7

stimulates accumulation of fat on hips and breasts

Question 8

how does estrogen affect the hair growth?

Answer 8

stimulates axillary and pubic hair

Question 9

how does estrogen affect the bone growth?

Answer 9

stimulates bone growth and important for maintenance of normal bone structure

Question 10

how does progestin affect the uterus?

Answer 10

maintains integrity of endometrium during second phase of menstrual cycle

• stimulates endometrial glands to secrete and helps prepare endometrium for implantation of fertilized oocyte
• changes viscosity of cervical mucus and composition of fallopian tube secretions

Question 11

how does progesterone affect the breast?

Answer 11

supports cyclic changes of ducts, lobules, and stroma contributing to enlargement of breast during secretory phase of menstrual cycle

Question 12

what does amenorrhea result from?

Answer 12

interruption of hypothalamic-pituitary ovarian function

Question 13

difference between primary and secondary amenorrhea

Answer 13

primary: menarche did not occur by 16 yo
- related to abnormal development of female genital organs or pituitary or genetic metabolic disorders involving pituitary, ovarian, or adrenal hormones

secondary: normally menstruating women later on stop ovulating and don’t have menses for different reasons, usually hormonal changes, but also from stress

Question 14

difference between oligomenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and menorrhagia

Answer 14

weak bleeding, painful/irregular menses, and massive menstrual bleeding, respectively

Question 15

what is used to induce ovulation in women to become pregnant?

Answer 15

clomiphene citrate (uesd in PCOS cases)