Daily Diagnosis Flashcards
hypocalcemia
Convulsions, Arrythmias, Tetany and numbness/parasthesias in hands, feet, around mouth and lips
hypercalcemia
“Stones, Bones, Groans, Thrones and Psychiatric Overtones”
Stones (renal or biliary)
Bones (bone pain)
Groans (abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting)
Thrones (sit on throne - polyuria)
Psychiatric overtones (Depression 30-40%, anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, insomnia, coma)
hyponatremia
hyponatremia include nausea and vomiting, headache, confusion, lethargy, fatigue, appetite loss, restlessness and irritability, muscle weakness, spasms, or cramps, seizures, and decreased consciousness or coma
hypernatremia
onsisting of lethargy, weakness, irritability, neuromuscular excitability, and edema
panhypopituitarism
pan meaning “all”, all thyroid enzymes are hypo
BMP
Glucose Calcium Electrolytes Sodium Potassium
CO2 (carbon dioxide, bicarbonate) Chloride
BUN (blood urea nitrogen) Creatinine
BUN
The blood urea nitrogen or BUN test is primarily used, along with the creatinine test, to evaluate kidney function in a wide range of circumstances, to help diagnose kidney disease
BNP
produced primarily by the left ventricle of the heart. When the left ventricle of the heart is stretched, the concentrations of BNP and NT-proBNP produced can increase markedly. This situation indicates that the heart is working harder and having more trouble meeting the body’s demands. This may occur with heart failure as well as with other diseases that affect the heart and circulatory system
Acute Coronary Syndrome
group of signs and symptoms that are associated with insufficient blood flow to the heart.
CK
Blood levels of CK rise when muscle or heart cells are injured. Your doctor may test for CK if you have chest pain or other signs and symptoms of a heart attack. In the first 4 to 6 hours after a heart attack, the concentration of CK in blood begins to rise. It reaches its highest level in 18 to 24 hours and returns to normal within 2 to 3 days. The amount of CK in blood also rises when skeletal muscles are damaged.
CKMB
Blood levels of CK rise when muscle or heart cells are injured. Your doctor may test for CK if you have chest pain or other signs and symptoms of a heart attack. In the first 4 to 6 hours after a heart attack, the concentration of CK in blood begins to rise. It reaches its highest level in 18 to 24 hours and returns to normal within 2 to 3 days. The amount of CK in blood also rises when skeletal muscles are damaged.
Troponin
troponins are a family of proteins found in skeletal and heart muscle (cardiac) fibers. Can become elevated in the blood within 3 or 4 hours after injury and may remain elevated for 10 to 14 days.
What is the function of bile from the pancreas
Bile is for the emulsification of fat
DM1
Type 1 DM results from the body’s failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin or wear an insulin pump. This form was previously referred to as “insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus” (IDDM) or “juvenile diabetes”.
DM2
Type 2 DM results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency. This form was previously referred to as non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or “adult-onset diabetes”.
What is Glucagon and where secreted from
Secreted from Pancreas and helps raise insulin levels which helps lower blood sugar levels. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose
SIRS
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome: SIRS is a serious condition related to systemic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and organ failure
SIRS is a serious condition related to systemic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and organ failure
List criteria to meet SIRS
Body temperature less than 36°C(96.8°F) or greater than 38°C(100.4°F)
Heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute
Tachypnea (high respiratory rate), with greater than 20 breaths per minute; or, an arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide less than 4.3 kPa (32 mmHg)
White blood cell count less than 4000 cells/mm³ (4 x 109 cells/L) or greater than 12,000 cells/mm³ (12 x 109 cells/L); or the presence of greater than 10% immature neutrophils (band forms)
Neutrophil
normally found in the blood stream. During the beginning (acute) phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, environmental exposure,[4] and some cancers,[5][6] neutrophils are one of the first-responders of inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation. They migrate through the blood vessels, then through interstitial tissue, following chemical signals such as Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C5a, fMLP and Leukotriene B4 in a process called chemotaxis. They are the predominant cells in pus, accounting for its whitish/yellowish appearance.
Eosinophil
play a role in fighting viral infections, develop and mature in the bone marrow
hypokalemia
small elevation of blood pressure,[2] and can occasionally provoke cardiac arrhythmias. (Flattened or inverted T waves)
muscular weakness, myalgia, and muscle cramps. severe hypokalemia, flaccid paralysis and hyporeflexia
hyperkalemia
malaise, palpitations and muscle weakness, EKG will show peaked T waves
HbA1C
identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time. higher amounts of glycated haemoglobin, indicating poorer control of blood glucose levels, have been associated with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Monitoring HbA1c in type 1 diabetic patients may improve outcomes.
