Daily Diagnosis

Question 1

hypocalcemia

Answer 1

Convulsions, Arrythmias, Tetany and numbness/parasthesias in hands, feet, around mouth and lips

Question 2

hypercalcemia

Answer 2

“Stones, Bones, Groans, Thrones and Psychiatric Overtones”
Stones (renal or biliary)
Bones (bone pain)
Groans (abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting)
Thrones (sit on throne - polyuria)
Psychiatric overtones (Depression 30-40%, anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, insomnia, coma)

Question 3

hyponatremia

Answer 3

hyponatremia include nausea and vomiting, headache, confusion, lethargy, fatigue, appetite loss, restlessness and irritability, muscle weakness, spasms, or cramps, seizures, and decreased consciousness or coma

Question 4

hypernatremia

Answer 4

onsisting of lethargy, weakness, irritability, neuromuscular excitability, and edema

Question 5

panhypopituitarism

Answer 5

pan meaning “all”, all thyroid enzymes are hypo

Question 6

BMP

Answer 6

Glucose Calcium Electrolytes Sodium Potassium
CO2 (carbon dioxide, bicarbonate) Chloride
BUN (blood urea nitrogen) Creatinine

Question 7

BUN

Answer 7

The blood urea nitrogen or BUN test is primarily used, along with the creatinine test, to evaluate kidney function in a wide range of circumstances, to help diagnose kidney disease

Question 8

BNP

Answer 8

produced primarily by the left ventricle of the heart. When the left ventricle of the heart is stretched, the concentrations of BNP and NT-proBNP produced can increase markedly. This situation indicates that the heart is working harder and having more trouble meeting the body’s demands. This may occur with heart failure as well as with other diseases that affect the heart and circulatory system

Question 9

Acute Coronary Syndrome

Answer 9

group of signs and symptoms that are associated with insufficient blood flow to the heart.

Question 10

CK

Answer 10

Blood levels of CK rise when muscle or heart cells are injured. Your doctor may test for CK if you have chest pain or other signs and symptoms of a heart attack. In the first 4 to 6 hours after a heart attack, the concentration of CK in blood begins to rise. It reaches its highest level in 18 to 24 hours and returns to normal within 2 to 3 days. The amount of CK in blood also rises when skeletal muscles are damaged.

Question 11

CKMB

Answer 11

Blood levels of CK rise when muscle or heart cells are injured. Your doctor may test for CK if you have chest pain or other signs and symptoms of a heart attack. In the first 4 to 6 hours after a heart attack, the concentration of CK in blood begins to rise. It reaches its highest level in 18 to 24 hours and returns to normal within 2 to 3 days. The amount of CK in blood also rises when skeletal muscles are damaged.

Question 12

Troponin

Answer 12

troponins are a family of proteins found in skeletal and heart muscle (cardiac) fibers. Can become elevated in the blood within 3 or 4 hours after injury and may remain elevated for 10 to 14 days.

Question 13

What is the function of bile from the pancreas

Answer 13

Bile is for the emulsification of fat

Question 14

DM1

Answer 14

Type 1 DM results from the body’s failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin or wear an insulin pump. This form was previously referred to as “insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus” (IDDM) or “juvenile diabetes”.

Question 15

DM2

Answer 15

Type 2 DM results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency. This form was previously referred to as non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or “adult-onset diabetes”.

Question 16

What is Glucagon and where secreted from

Answer 16

Secreted from Pancreas and helps raise insulin levels which helps lower blood sugar levels. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose

Question 17

SIRS

Answer 17

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome: SIRS is a serious condition related to systemic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and organ failure
SIRS is a serious condition related to systemic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and organ failure

Question 18

List criteria to meet SIRS

Answer 18

Body temperature less than 36°C(96.8°F) or greater than 38°C(100.4°F)
Heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute
Tachypnea (high respiratory rate), with greater than 20 breaths per minute; or, an arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide less than 4.3 kPa (32 mmHg)
White blood cell count less than 4000 cells/mm³ (4 x 109 cells/L) or greater than 12,000 cells/mm³ (12 x 109 cells/L); or the presence of greater than 10% immature neutrophils (band forms)

Question 19

Neutrophil

Answer 19

normally found in the blood stream. During the beginning (acute) phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, environmental exposure,[4] and some cancers,[5][6] neutrophils are one of the first-responders of inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation. They migrate through the blood vessels, then through interstitial tissue, following chemical signals such as Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C5a, fMLP and Leukotriene B4 in a process called chemotaxis. They are the predominant cells in pus, accounting for its whitish/yellowish appearance.

Question 20

Eosinophil

Answer 20

play a role in fighting viral infections, develop and mature in the bone marrow

Question 21

hypokalemia

Answer 21

small elevation of blood pressure,[2] and can occasionally provoke cardiac arrhythmias. (Flattened or inverted T waves)
muscular weakness, myalgia, and muscle cramps. severe hypokalemia, flaccid paralysis and hyporeflexia

Question 22

hyperkalemia

Answer 22

malaise, palpitations and muscle weakness, EKG will show peaked T waves

Question 23

HbA1C

Answer 23

identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time. higher amounts of glycated haemoglobin, indicating poorer control of blood glucose levels, have been associated with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Monitoring HbA1c in type 1 diabetic patients may improve outcomes.