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Crim Y3 CORE 2 > DACJ - UK Drug Policy > Flashcards

DACJ - UK Drug Policy Flashcards

1
Q

3 Treatments via or within the CJS?

A
  • Prison Treatment
  • Court Mandated Abstinence
  • Drug Courts
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2
Q

3 Forms of Court Mandated Abstinence tactics?

A
  • Drug Rehabilitation Requirements
  • Drug Treatment & Testing Orders
  • Drug Intervention Programmes
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3
Q

2 facts about Drug Courts?
(Who, Year?)

A
  • Drug Courts especially designed for offenders who are drug users or drug addicts as an alternative
  • Adult drug courts show a 10% reduction in reoffending, while juvenile drug courts see a 5% reduction
    (Shaffer, 2006)
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4
Q

Prison Treatment?

A

Almost two thirds of the treatment adult prisoners received was Psychosocial, the remaining treatment interventions were Pharmacological.

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5
Q

2 forms of Pharmacological treatment approaches?

A
  • Detoxification therapy
  • Maintenance therapy
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6
Q

benefits of Pharmacological treatment?

A
  • Fewer overdose deaths
  • Less virus infection & transmission
  • Less criminal activity
  • Improved employment
  • Better family functioning
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7
Q

what does NICE stand for?

A

The UK National Institute of Clinical care & Excellence

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8
Q

What is Behavioural & Psychosocial Treatment?

A

Attempts to change drug use behaviours as well as other factors such as cognitions, emotions and social skills.

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9
Q

explain Family Based Interventions

A
  • aims to improve social and coping skills
  • suggests that substance use can be influenced by the social environments
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10
Q

3 citations that report on Family Based Interventions, and what do they say?
(Who, Year?)

A

Stanton and Shadish, 1997
- Better outcomes reported on a range of measures
Bunagan et al., 2019
- Reported reductions in drug use because of family interventions
Cassidy & Poon, 2019
- Reported positive evidence and outcomes in relation to these kinds of Interventions

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11
Q

how much funding have the HM government put in for the next 3 years?
(who, year?)

A

£780 million
From Harm to Hope, HM Government, 2021

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12
Q

what does CSEW say about drug use?

A

Drug use has remained relatively stable in recent years

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13
Q

what are the 4 main types of treatment/Interventions for reducing drug use?

A
  • Pharmacological Treatment
  • Behavioural & Psychosocial Treatments
  • Family Based Interventions
  • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
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14
Q

define Harm reduction?

A

Policies, programs and practices that aim to minimise negative health, social and legal impacts associated with drug use, drug policies and drug laws.

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15
Q

3 things that harm reduction focuses on?

A
  • Focus on Users own risk behaviours
  • Assess individuals risks
  • Emphasis on immediate and realistic goal
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16
Q

4 Harm reduction initiatives?

A
  • Needle & Syringe Programmes (NSP)
  • Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST)
  • Heroin Assisted Therapy (HAT)
  • Naloxone
17
Q

Timeline of Harm reduction tactics

A

1986: UK Needle & Syringe Program
1990: NSP operated in 14 different countries
2009: Support for harm reduction in national policy documents (EU)
2020: 86 countries implement NSP and 86 have OST

18
Q

4 positives about Drug Consumption Rooms?

A
  • Emergency care
  • Connect high risk drug users with addiction treatment
  • Reduce the acute risk of disease transmission
  • Prevent drug-related overdose deaths
19
Q

Research supporting Harm reduction
(who, year?)

A

reported that in 2016 almost a third of all deaths from drug overdoses in Europe Happened in the UK = (EMCDDA, 2017)
- UK lagging behind with HR spike in drug-related deaths in UK and in 2016 highest since records began

20
Q

how does the EMCDDA describe drug crimes

A
  • Induced
  • Inspired
  • Defined
  • Systemic
21
Q

2 facts about drug-related crime?

A

The illegal nature of drug markets can contribute to criminal activity
- Efforts may lead to arrests, prosecutions, and imprisonment related to drug offences

22
Q

1 negative of UK drug policy on reducing drug -related crime?

A

UK drug policy may have limited effectiveness, as it does not address the underlying causes of drug-related crime, and can result in negative consequences such as prison overcrowding.

23
Q

what approach does Evidence Based Policy take?
(Who, year?)

A

“Approach that helps people make well-informed decisions about policies, programs and projects by putting the best available evidence from research at the heart of policy development and implementation”
(Davies, 2004)

24
Q

3 types of Prevention Programmes within EBP
(Who, Year?)

A
  • Legislation to prohibit drug use
  • Media campaigns
  • School programmes
    (babor et al., 2019)
25
Q

4 examples of how UK drug policy is Evidence Based through their implemented policy?

A
  • Dedicated Drug policy
  • “Talk to Frank” campaign
  • Reclassification of cannabis
  • Blueprint of drug addiction programme
26
Q

5 principles of Drug Policy?

A
  • Be based on an objective assessment of priorities and evidence
  • Be fully compliant with international human rights standards
  • Be focused on reducing the harmful consequences of drug use and markets
  • Seek to promote the social inclusion of marginalised groups
  • aim to build open and constructive relationships between governments and civil society.
27
Q

3 statistics from the CSEW on drug use
(year?)

A
  • 1 in 11 adults aged 15 to 59 had taken a drug in the last year (9.4% = 3.2 mil)
  • Cannabis continues to be the most common drug used in the last year
  • There were no changes in last year drug use for the majority of individual drug types
    (2020)
28
Q

Holland suggests 2 things about UK drug policy?
(Year?)

A
  • for the vast majority who use drugs, the negative impact of a criminal record would be much more significant than the negative impacts of continued infrequent drug use.
  • Seen drug laws not applied equitably as members of some ethnic minority communities are punished for the possession of drugs disproportionately.
29
Q

Paradigm shift needed to focus on:

A
  • Public health
  • Development
  • Human security
30
Q

Paradigm shift needed to focus on public health in order:

A

In order to improve access to essential medicines and develop evidence-based, harm reduction, prevention, treatment & care programmes

31
Q

Paradigm shift needed to focus on development in order:

A

In order to refocus on alternative development, poverty reduction, education, employment, social security

32
Q

Paradigm shift needed to focus on human security in order:

A

In order to refocus law-enforcement effects on those most responsible for drug-related harms, rather than low level and non-dangerous dealers, people who use drugs, vulnerable farming communities

33
Q

14 citations for UK drug policy name as many?

A
  • HM Government, 2021
  • CSEW, 2021
  • Holland, 2020
  • Bunagan et al., 2019
  • Cassidy & Poon, 2019
  • Babor et al., 2019
  • Magill et al., 2019
  • EMCDDA, 2017
  • ONS, 2017
  • EMCDDA, 2007
  • NICE, 2007
  • Shaffer, 2006
  • Davies, 2004
  • Stanton & Shadish, 1997

Crim Y3 CORE 2 (3 decks)

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