DACJ - UK Drug Policy Flashcards
3 Treatments via or within the CJS?
- Prison Treatment
- Court Mandated Abstinence
- Drug Courts
3 Forms of Court Mandated Abstinence tactics?
- Drug Rehabilitation Requirements
- Drug Treatment & Testing Orders
- Drug Intervention Programmes
2 facts about Drug Courts?
(Who, Year?)
- Drug Courts especially designed for offenders who are drug users or drug addicts as an alternative
- Adult drug courts show a 10% reduction in reoffending, while juvenile drug courts see a 5% reduction
(Shaffer, 2006)
Prison Treatment?
Almost two thirds of the treatment adult prisoners received was Psychosocial, the remaining treatment interventions were Pharmacological.
2 forms of Pharmacological treatment approaches?
- Detoxification therapy
- Maintenance therapy
benefits of Pharmacological treatment?
- Fewer overdose deaths
- Less virus infection & transmission
- Less criminal activity
- Improved employment
- Better family functioning
what does NICE stand for?
The UK National Institute of Clinical care & Excellence
What is Behavioural & Psychosocial Treatment?
Attempts to change drug use behaviours as well as other factors such as cognitions, emotions and social skills.
explain Family Based Interventions
- aims to improve social and coping skills
- suggests that substance use can be influenced by the social environments
3 citations that report on Family Based Interventions, and what do they say?
(Who, Year?)
Stanton and Shadish, 1997
- Better outcomes reported on a range of measures
Bunagan et al., 2019
- Reported reductions in drug use because of family interventions
Cassidy & Poon, 2019
- Reported positive evidence and outcomes in relation to these kinds of Interventions
how much funding have the HM government put in for the next 3 years?
(who, year?)
£780 million
From Harm to Hope, HM Government, 2021
what does CSEW say about drug use?
Drug use has remained relatively stable in recent years
what are the 4 main types of treatment/Interventions for reducing drug use?
- Pharmacological Treatment
- Behavioural & Psychosocial Treatments
- Family Based Interventions
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
define Harm reduction?
Policies, programs and practices that aim to minimise negative health, social and legal impacts associated with drug use, drug policies and drug laws.
3 things that harm reduction focuses on?
- Focus on Users own risk behaviours
- Assess individuals risks
- Emphasis on immediate and realistic goal
4 Harm reduction initiatives?
- Needle & Syringe Programmes (NSP)
- Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST)
- Heroin Assisted Therapy (HAT)
- Naloxone
Timeline of Harm reduction tactics
1986: UK Needle & Syringe Program
1990: NSP operated in 14 different countries
2009: Support for harm reduction in national policy documents (EU)
2020: 86 countries implement NSP and 86 have OST
4 positives about Drug Consumption Rooms?
- Emergency care
- Connect high risk drug users with addiction treatment
- Reduce the acute risk of disease transmission
- Prevent drug-related overdose deaths
Research supporting Harm reduction
(who, year?)
reported that in 2016 almost a third of all deaths from drug overdoses in Europe Happened in the UK = (EMCDDA, 2017)
- UK lagging behind with HR spike in drug-related deaths in UK and in 2016 highest since records began
how does the EMCDDA describe drug crimes
- Induced
- Inspired
- Defined
- Systemic
2 facts about drug-related crime?
The illegal nature of drug markets can contribute to criminal activity
- Efforts may lead to arrests, prosecutions, and imprisonment related to drug offences
1 negative of UK drug policy on reducing drug -related crime?
UK drug policy may have limited effectiveness, as it does not address the underlying causes of drug-related crime, and can result in negative consequences such as prison overcrowding.
what approach does Evidence Based Policy take?
(Who, year?)
“Approach that helps people make well-informed decisions about policies, programs and projects by putting the best available evidence from research at the heart of policy development and implementation”
(Davies, 2004)
3 types of Prevention Programmes within EBP
(Who, Year?)
- Legislation to prohibit drug use
- Media campaigns
- School programmes
(babor et al., 2019)
4 examples of how UK drug policy is Evidence Based through their implemented policy?
- Dedicated Drug policy
- “Talk to Frank” campaign
- Reclassification of cannabis
- Blueprint of drug addiction programme
5 principles of Drug Policy?
- Be based on an objective assessment of priorities and evidence
- Be fully compliant with international human rights standards
- Be focused on reducing the harmful consequences of drug use and markets
- Seek to promote the social inclusion of marginalised groups
- aim to build open and constructive relationships between governments and civil society.
3 statistics from the CSEW on drug use
(year?)
- 1 in 11 adults aged 15 to 59 had taken a drug in the last year (9.4% = 3.2 mil)
- Cannabis continues to be the most common drug used in the last year
- There were no changes in last year drug use for the majority of individual drug types
(2020)
Holland suggests 2 things about UK drug policy?
(Year?)
- for the vast majority who use drugs, the negative impact of a criminal record would be much more significant than the negative impacts of continued infrequent drug use.
- Seen drug laws not applied equitably as members of some ethnic minority communities are punished for the possession of drugs disproportionately.
Paradigm shift needed to focus on:
- Public health
- Development
- Human security
Paradigm shift needed to focus on public health in order:
In order to improve access to essential medicines and develop evidence-based, harm reduction, prevention, treatment & care programmes
Paradigm shift needed to focus on development in order:
In order to refocus on alternative development, poverty reduction, education, employment, social security
Paradigm shift needed to focus on human security in order:
In order to refocus law-enforcement effects on those most responsible for drug-related harms, rather than low level and non-dangerous dealers, people who use drugs, vulnerable farming communities
14 citations for UK drug policy name as many?
- HM Government, 2021
- CSEW, 2021
- Holland, 2020
- Bunagan et al., 2019
- Cassidy & Poon, 2019
- Babor et al., 2019
- Magill et al., 2019
- EMCDDA, 2017
- ONS, 2017
- EMCDDA, 2007
- NICE, 2007
- Shaffer, 2006
- Davies, 2004
- Stanton & Shadish, 1997
