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da brain Flashcards

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1
Q

Hindbrain

A

da back

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2
Q

Cerebellum (in hindbrain)

A

ball + Cauliflower like
regulates posture and balance.
regulates muscle tone & coordination
damage
problems with muscle coordination & balance

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3
Q

medulla (in hindbrain)

A

Controls automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestions

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4
Q

pons (in hindbrain)

A

nerve bundle above medulla
sleep, dreaming and arousal from sleep (‘waking’), helps control breathing
relays messages between areas of brain

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5
Q

midbrain

A

da middle

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6
Q

Reticular Formation ( in midbrain)

A

helps us selectively focus our attention & alertness
regulates arousal and muscle tone (tension)

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7
Q

forebrain

A

da front

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8
Q

Thalamus (in forebrain)

A

Sits on top of brain stem,
Relay station - filters information from almost all the sense receptor sites (except the nose), then passes it to the cerebral cortex

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9
Q

cerebrum (in forebrain)

A

Outer layer known as cerebral cortex
responsible for almost everything we consciously think, feel and do.
they are the lobes

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10
Q

frontal lobe

A

planning and reasoning.
attention, personality and control of emotions.
Prefrontal cortex - association area Primary motor cortex - controlling voluntary bodily movements.
Broca’s area - speech

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11
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Behind the frontal lobe and occupies the upper back half of the brain
Receives and processes sensory information from the body
Involved with spatial reasoning
Primary Somatosensory Cortex (PSC) (touch / pain / pressure)

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12
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

back of the head.
Receives & processes visual information
integrates visual information with other information.
Eg: Interacts with Temporal Lobe association area to recognize faces.

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13
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

above and around the top of each ear.
Receive and process sounds from both ears.
Memory of facts & personal memories - links emotions to memories
Helps us Identify objects and recognise faces
Left Lobe also has Wernicke’s Area - understanding speech

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14
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

wordy speech (says random things and struggles putting rational sentences together)

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15
Q

brocas aphasia

A

broken speech (knows what they want to say but struggles to say / think of the words and how to say them)

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16
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

receive and carry sensory information, from the external world via our sense organs and internally within the body from muscles joints and tendons to the CNS

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17
Q

Interneurons

A

(connecting neurons) act as a link between sensory and motor neurons, allowing them to communicate with one another.

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18
Q

Motor Neurons

A

carry messaged from the CNS to enable muscles to move, cause glands to secrete chemicals and help function of internal organs like the heart.

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19
Q

Dendrites

A

short widely branching nerve fibres detect and receive neural info from other neurons

20
Q

Soma or Cell body

A

structure that determines whether the neuron will be activated & send a message

21
Q

Nucleus

A

provides biochemical information to keep the neuron functioning

22
Q

Axon

A

Single tubelike fluid filled extension that transmits information from the soma to other cells in the body

23
Q

Myelin sheath

A

White fatty covering that helps insulate the axon to help deliver messages quicker

24
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

small gaps where the myelin sheath is missing.

25
Q

Axon Terminals

A

Branches on the end of the axon containing small sacs of neurochemicals

26
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

hold neurotransmitters which are released to carry messages to the dendrites of other neurons.

27
Q

Synaptic Transmission - Lock & Key Process

A

The neurotransmitter (KEY) will search for the receptor site that has a complementary shape.
Once the neurotransmitter finds the matching receptor on the dendrite (LOCK) and binds to it
This “unlocks” the postsynaptic neuron.
A dendrite can have many different types of receptor sites on it so it can receive different types of neurotransmitters.

28
Q

electrical message.

A

The message travels within the neuron as an action potential.

29
Q

chemical message.

A

When a message is sent from one neuron to the next neurotransmitters are released.

30
Q

Some neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect (Glutamate)

A

They make the post-synaptic neuron more likely to fire.

31
Q

Other neurotransmitters have an inhibitory effect (GABA)

A

They make the post-synaptic neuron less likely to fire.

32
Q

Neural plasticity

A

is the ability of the brain’s neural structure and function to be changed by experience throughout the lifespan.

33
Q

When does plasticity occur?

A

during stages of brain development when we are young,
during learning throughout our entire lives
sometimes in response to brain injury.

34
Q

How does plasticity occur?

A

new neural pathways can form and link up with existing pathways
existing pathways may interconnect with other pathways
they re-organise and re-assign neural connections and pathways based on which parts of the brain are overused, under used and/or injured.

35
Q

Developmental plasticity

A

Is predetermined
Starts in response to the initial processing of sensory information by the immature brain
Our neural connections change because of interactions with the environment (our experiences during childhood)
It occurs over the lifespan, but diminishes with age

36
Q

Developmental plasticity - Myelination

A

The process of creating myelin to protect & insulate neurons - this has the effect of making neural transmission more efficient and effective. high in infancy and adolescence

37
Q

Developmental plasticity - Synaptogenesis

A

Is the the rapid expansion in the formation of new synapses as part of this neurons also develop new dendrites and more dendrite branches
high before birth and infancy.

38
Q

Developmental plasticity - Synaptic Pruning

A

‘pruning’ of weak or unused synaptic connections in the brain. Occurs in childhood but peaks in adolescence, then stablises around 30.

39
Q

Adaptive Plasticity

A

Is a neuroplasticity in response to the environment and is not predetermined; it includes the ability of the brain to compensate for lost function.

40
Q

adaptive plasticity- Re-routing

A

An undamaged neuron that has lost a connection with an active neuron may seek a new active neuron and connect with it instead.

41
Q

adaptive plasticity- sprouting

A

Growth of additional branches on axons or dendrites to enable new connections. Sprouting can also involve re-routing when sprouting occurs from a damaged area and the new growth activates previously deactivated neurons.

42
Q

Brain injury

A

Any brain damage that impairs/interferes with the normal functioning of the brain, temporarily or permanently.

43
Q

Frontal Lobe Damage

A

Biological changes – often problems with motor activities
Psychological changes – emotion, personality and cognition (thinking) which in turn affect behaviour.
Social changes – socially inappropriate behaviour which in turn affects relationships

44
Q

Parietal lobe damage

A

Spatial neglect – patients with damage to rear area of the parietal lobe are unable to notice anything on one side of their body.

45
Q

Aphasias

A

Broca’s Aphasia
Patients understand speech and know what they want to say but have difficulty saying the words.
A typical patient with Broca’s aphasia speaks slowly and laboriously and uses simple sentences.
Wernicke’s Aphasia
the inability to understand speech or to produce coherent language.

46
Q

Concussion

A

Occurs when there is when a sudden jolt to the head which causes the brain to bump the inside of the skull.

47
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

A

Is the result of too many subconcussive hits to the head.Symptoms can begin as early as the age of 30, most commonly in sufferers 40’s and 50’s.
Can only be diagnosed using a post-mortem
Symptoms include: problems in thinking and memory, changes in personality, slowness in cognitive functioning.
In some cases this leads to an early dementia.

psychology (5 decks)

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