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APP TEST 4 > D9-D10 > Flashcards

D9-D10 Flashcards

1
Q

What side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?

A

Right side

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2
Q

The absorption of oxygen and the removal or co2 from the body as a whole

A

External respiration

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3
Q

The utilization of oxygen and production of co2 by cells and the gaseous exchange between the cells and their fluid medium

A

Internal respiration

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4
Q

The pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture of gases

A

partial pressure

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5
Q

How much oxygen is in the air at sea level?

A

20.98%

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6
Q

How much CO2 is in the air at sea level?

A

0.04%

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7
Q

How much Nitrogen is in the air at sea level?

A

78.06%

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8
Q

How much much pressure of CO2 is in the body?

A

about 40-45 mmHG

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9
Q

From the trachea to the alveoli, how many times do the airways divide?

A

23 times

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10
Q

How many generations of tubes form in the conducting zone?

A

16

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11
Q

The last 7 generations of tubes form where?

A

respiratory zone

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12
Q

What is the purpose of multiple divisions?

A

increases total cross-sectional area of airways

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13
Q

Which type of cells secrete surfactants?

A

Type II cells

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14
Q

Why is ventilation regulated?

A

to maintain concentration of CO2 (not O2)

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15
Q

What is the driving force for moving gases by diffusion?

A

Partial pressure

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16
Q

What do we convert the air to before it gets to the alveoli when we breathe?

A

BTPS (body temp pressure and saturation conditions)

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17
Q

2 zones for air movement

A

conducting, respiratory

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18
Q

What is airflow in the conducting zone governed by?

A

same laws as hemodynamics (poisuille’s law)

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19
Q

What will happen to the velocity of air flow when the cross sectional area increases?

A

velocity decreases

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20
Q

Where is the cross sectional area total high and the velocity low?

A

Respiratory zone

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21
Q

What do the trachea and bronchi have in their walls?

A

cartilage

22
Q

What controls the size of the airways in the walls of the bronchioles?

A

smooth muscle

23
Q

What receptors do the bronchial epithelium and smooth muscle contain?

A

b2-arenergic receptors

24
Q

4 things that control pulmonary diameters?

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. norepinephrine
  3. histamine
  4. CO2 levels
25
Q

How does acetylcholine control pulmonary diameters?

A

cause contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle

26
Q

How does norepinephrine control pulmonary diameters?

A

binds to b2 receptors and relaxes the bronchial muscle

27
Q

How does histamine control pulmonary diameters?

A

can cause contraction of bronchial smooth muscle (sneezing, runny nose)

28
Q

How does CO2 levels influence airway diameters?

A

Decreased CO2-constriction
Increased CO2-relaxation

29
Q

What can be removed by macrophages that get to the alveoli?

A

small particles

30
Q

What makes the lungs want to compress into a smaller structure?

A

elastic components

31
Q

What keeps the lungs expanded and next to the thoracic cage and diaphragm

A

The pressure in the pleural cavity (pleura is tissue that surrounds the lungs)

32
Q

What keeps the lungs expanded?

A

pressure in the pleural cavity is slightly less than atm pressure

33
Q

What does increasing the volume in the lungs do to pressure in the lungs?

A

reduces the pressure

34
Q

What helps with increasing the thoracic volume?

A

muscles of the neck

35
Q

What plays the biggest role in moving air out rapidly?

A

abdominal muscle

36
Q

What sends signals to the brain to contract the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

37
Q

Do we want alveolar surface tension high or low?

A

low

38
Q

What does the level of surface tension do?

A
  1. keep the alveoli from collapsing
  2. improves compliance (elasticity) of the lungs
39
Q

When does surfactant develop in humans?

A

right when you’re born

40
Q

Why are surfactants important?

A

keeps them from collapsing

41
Q

What is the oxygen concentrations in the alveoli (inspired)?

A

158 mmHG

42
Q

What is the typical oxygen concentration in the alveoli?

A

100 mmHG

43
Q

Where are the gas concentrations different in the ventricles?

A

capillary beds of the lungs or tissues

44
Q

What is effectiveness of ventilation determined by?

A
  1. tidal volume
  2. dead space
  3. frequency of breaths
45
Q

How much O2 is in the blood?

A

1050 ml

46
Q

How much O2 is used per min at rest?

A

250 ml

47
Q

How much CO2 is eliminated per min?

A

200 ml

48
Q

What dictates the amount of oxygen the hemoglobin can hold?

A

partial pressure of O2 in the plasma

49
Q

What are 3 factors that affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

A

1, the ph
2. the temp
3. BPG (2,3-biphosphoglycerate)

50
Q

What does higher concentrations of BPG mean?

A

more oxygen is released for any PO2 level

51
Q

3 forms CO2 is carried in the blood

A
  1. dissolved
  2. bound to amino acids (on hemoglobin)
  3. converted to carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase and then converted to the bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion

APP TEST 4 (6 decks)

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