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APP TEST 4 > D1-D2 > Flashcards

D1-D2 Flashcards

1
Q

When does the SL valve open?

A

When pressure in ventricle is greater than in the aorta

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2
Q

When does left ventricular contraction start?

A

before right side

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3
Q

When does right side ejection start?

A

before the left side

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4
Q

At a HR of 75/min, what is the time of atrial systole?

A

0.1 sec

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5
Q

At a HR of 200/min, what is the time of ventricular systole and diastole?

A

systole-0.16 sec
diastole-0.14 sec

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6
Q

At how many beats/min does the ventricle have problems filling adequately?

A

above 180/min

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7
Q

What moves blood and generates a pressure wave (pulse)?

A

systolic contraction

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8
Q

When does the 1st heart sound occur?

A

closing of the AV valves, start of ventricular systole

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9
Q

When does the 2nd heart sound occur?

A

closing of the SL valves, end of ventricular systole

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10
Q

What sound does a narrowed valve make during systole and diastole?

A

lub-whistle-dub (systolic)
lub-dub-whistle (diastolic)

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11
Q

What sound does a insufficient valve make?

A

lub-swish-dub (systolic)
lub-dub-swish (diastolic)

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12
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure?

A

Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR)

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13
Q

What controls the heart rate?

A

autonomic system (sympathetic, epinephrine, and parasympathetic)

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14
Q

What is the main thing stroke volume is influenced by?

A

contractility of the cardiac muscle is being increased

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15
Q

What causes increased contractility of the cardiac muscles?

A

more cross-bridging between actin and myosin (frank-starling law)
increase in Ca inside the cell

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16
Q

Which node has beta 1 receptors?

A

SA node

17
Q

What does cAMP do in the cardiac muscle?

A

accelerates relaxation

18
Q

What triggers L type calcium channels to be more permeable to Ca?

A

PKA

19
Q

What makes Ca go faster and the cell to process Ca faster?

A

sympathetic stimulation

20
Q

What inhibits Ca efflux across the sarcolemma?

A

PKA, to keep Ca levels high

21
Q

Where are the L- type Ca channels located and what activates it?

A

in the T tubule membrane and are activated by action potential going down the T tubule

22
Q

What do the activated L type channels do to cause a release of Ca in the cardiac muscle?

A

physically interact with ryanodine receptors (RyR) in the SR

23
Q

What increases heart rate (chronotropy) in the SA and AV nodes?

A

Norepinephrine via beta-1 receptors

24
Q

What increases calcium processing (inotropy) for the cardiac myocytes?

A

norepinephrine via beta-1 receptors

25
Q

What inhances the release of calcium by troponin ?

A

PKA phosphorylating TN-I

26
Q

What decreases chronotropy at the SA and AV nodes by opening special K channels and decreasing cAMP levels?

A

ACh activating the M2 receptors

27
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation do to the frank starling curve?

A

shifts the curve to the left (higher)

28
Q

What are 4 things that sympathetic activity increase during the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. stroke volume
  2. strength of cardiac contraction
  3. end-diastolic volume (EDV)
  4. Venous return
29
Q

What does digitalis do to the contractility of the heart?

A

increases calcium levels
inhibits NA-K pump making Na ion levels higher in the cell (builds up)

30
Q

What are some factors affecting EDV?

A
  1. increase in intrapericardial pressure (fluids) and limits ventricular expansion
  2. increases ventricular stiffness (from heart attack)
  3. not able to effectively contract the atrial muscles
31
Q

What is the difference for someone with a transplanted heart?

A

heart rate doesn’t change because SNS and PNS isn’t hooked up

32
Q

Where do the cardiac myocytes get their oxygen?

A

from the coronary artery system (not from the blood in the atrium or ventricles)

33
Q

What does an increase in afterload increase?

A

O2 consumption

APP TEST 4 (6 decks)

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