D4.1 Natural selection Flashcards
D4.1.1—Natural selection as the mechanism driving evolutionary change
Students should appreciate that natural selection operates continuously and over billions of years,
resulting in the biodiversity of life on Earth.
D4.1.2—Roles of mutation and sexual reproduction in generating the variation on which natural selection
acts
Mutation generates new alleles and sexual reproduction generates new combinations of alleles
D4.1.3—Overproduction of offspring and competition for resources as factors that promote natural
selection
Include examples of food and other resources that may limit carrying capacity
D4.1.4—Abiotic factors as selection pressures
Include examples of density-independent factors such as high or low temperatures that may affect
survival of individuals in a population.
D4.1.5—Differences between individuals in adaptation, survival and reproduction as the basis for natural
selection
Students are required to study natural selection due to intraspecific competition, including the concept of
fitness when discussing the survival value and reproductive potential of a genotype.
D4.1.6—Requirement that traits are heritable for evolutionary change to occur
Students should understand that characteristics acquired during an individual’s life due to environmental
factors are not encoded in the base sequence of genes and so are not heritable.
D4.1.7—Sexual selection as a selection pressure in animal species
Differences in physical and behavioural traits, which can be used as signs of overall fitness, can affect
success in attracting a mate and so drive the evolution of an animal population. Illustrate this using
suitable examples such as the evolution of the plumage of birds of paradise
D4.1.8—Modelling of sexual and natural selection based on experimental control of selection pressures
Application of skills: Students should interpret data from John Endler’s experiments with guppies.
D4.1.9—Concept of the gene pool
A gene pool consists of all the genes and their different alleles, present in a population
D4.1.10—Allele frequencies of geographically isolated populations
Application of skills: Students should use databases to search allele frequencies. Use at least one human
example.
D4.1.11—Changes in allele frequency in the gene pool as a consequence of natural selection between
individuals according to differences in their heritable traits
Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Biologists subsequently integrated
genetics with natural selection in what is now known as neo-Darwinism.
D4.1.12—Differences between directional, disruptive and stabilizing selection
Students should be aware that all three types result in a change in allele frequency
D4.1.13—Hardy–Weinberg equation and calculations of allele or genotype frequencies
Use p and q to denote the two allele frequencies. Students should understand that p + q = 1 so genotype
frequencies are predicted by the Hardy–Weinberg equation: p
2 + 2pq + q
2 = 1.
If one of the genotype frequencies is known, the allele frequencies can be calculated using the same
equations
D4.1.14—Hardy–Weinberg conditions that must be maintained for a population to be in genetic
equilibrium
Students should understand that if genotype frequencies in a population do not fit the Hardy–Weinberg
equation, this indicates that one or more of the conditions is not being met, for example mating is nonrandom or survival rates vary between genotypes.
D4.1.15—Artificial selection by deliberate choice of traits
Artificial selection is carried out in crop plants and domesticated animals by choosing individuals for
breeding that have desirable traits. Unintended consequences of human actions, such as the evolution of
resistance in bacteria when an antibiotic is used, are due to natural rather than artificial selection
