D3 - Reproduction Flashcards
What is reproduction?
The generation of more members of a species.
How is sexual reproduction adventagous?
Offspring have new gene combinations, which is needed for adaptation in an environment.
How is asexual reproduction adventagous?
Offspring are genetically identical, which is good for organisms that are already adapted to an environment.
What does sexual life in eukaryotic cells must include and why?
Meiosis, because it breaks up the parent combination of alleles.
What is the fusion of male and female gametes called?
Fertilization
What are the two types of gametes?
The male sperm and female egg
What is anisogamy?
Sexual production that involves the union/fusion of two gametes that differ in form
What are the differences between sperm and an egg?
The sperm travels to the egg, is smaller than the egg, has less food than the egg, and is produced in mass
(View male card sort)
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(View female card sort)
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What is the purpose of follicle stimulating hormones (FSH)?
Stimulating the development of follicles and the secretion of oestradiol by the follicle wall
What is the purpose of oestradiol?
Stimulating the repair and thickening of the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus)
Why is oestradiol an example of positive and negative feedback?
When oestradiol is produced, it makes FSH more receptive to the follicles, which produces more oestradiol. When oestradiol reaches high levels, it inhibits production of FSH
What is the purpose of luteinizing hormones (LH)?
Stimulating the completion of meiosis in the egg and partial digestion of the follicle wall
What is the purpose of progesterone?
Promote thickening and maintenance of the endometrium
What parts of the sperm remain and what are destroyed?
The nucleus stays, the mitochondria and tail are destroyed
What is fertilization?
The fusion of sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote
Why does the egg harden after fertilization?
To ensure a diploid zygote is produced rather than an unviable cell with more than two sets of chromosomes.
How does reproduction start after fertilization?
The nuclei of sperm and egg cells remain separate, then both nuclear membranes break down, each releasing 23 chromosomes. They participate in mitosis to produce the first 2 diploid cells
What is vivo fertilization?
Natural fertilization
What is vitro fertilization?
fertilization outside the body and in controlled lab conditions
How does vitro fertilization work?
The normal secretion of hormones is suspended, and artificial doses of hormones induce superovulation
Which part of a plant is used for sexual reproduction?
The flower
What type of reproduction do flowering plants use?
Sexual
What are produced in plant ovules?
Gametes
What does successful reproduction in plants rely on?
Pollination
Look at diagram of flower parts
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What are strategies to reduce cross pollination in plants?
Separation of anthers and stigmas (on both same or different plants), adaptations to facilitate transfer of pollen from one plant to another by an outside agent, and anthers and stigmas maturing at different times
What does self pollination lead to?
Inbreeding and less gnetic diversity
How are seeds different than pollination?
Seeds contain the developing embryo
What is germination?
The development of a new plant
What is required for germination?
Water, warmth, plant hormones and oxygen.
What is basis of inheritence?
When the parents pass genes to offspring in gametes.
What are the 3 generations on a punnet grid?
The P generation, the F1 generation, and the F2 generation.
What are the two factors that phenotypes are decided by?
Genotype and environmental factors
What is phenotypic plasticity?
When an organism changes their gene expression pattern of proteins in order to become adapted to specific environmental conditions. The change is reversible, as the alleles themselves remain unchanged
What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
A recessive genetic condition caused by mutation in an autosomal gene. Causes enzyme needed to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine to not develop.
How many alleles can a human inheret?
Two
What is codominance?
When neither allele is dominant over the other but both are expressed
What is incomplete dominance?
When 2 parents with different phenotypes have offspring with a phenotype that is an intermediate between the 2 parental type
What determines the sex of a baby?
The sex chromosome in a sperm
