Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IB bio > C3- Integration of body systems > Flashcards

C3- Integration of body systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

System coordination

A

The coordination/cooperation of different systems in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What order is the hierarchy of subsystems?

A

Cells, tissue, organ, organ systems, organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many organ systems are in a human?

A
  1. Circulatory, digestive, endocrine, gas exchange, integumentary, lymphatic, muscular, nervous, reproductive, skeletal, and urinary.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ermergent properties

A

Properties that emerge as a result of the interaction of smaller components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of body systems used for communication?

A

Endocrine system (horomones) and nervous system (nerve impulses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

Facilitating integration of organs and transportation of materials and energy between organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the central integrating system?

A

The brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the brains job?

A

Recieving and processing info, sending instructions, storing long and short term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the CNS and what is it composed of?

A

The central nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelanated axons in the spine that convey signals from the brain and send them to organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is grey matter?

A

The cell body for motor neurons and interneurons, used for processing information and decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are sensory neurons located and what do they do?

A

The skin and sense organs. They act as receptors for touch, heat, light, and internal conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do the brain and spinal cord recieve their signals from?

A

The brain recieves signals from the main sense organs, the spinal cord recieves signals from the other organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do nerve impulses cause?

A

Muscles to contract or secrete a gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of fibres enclosed in a protective sheath that transmits a signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the most common fibres that a nerve contains?

A

Sensory and motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

The process the body goes through to execute a reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the reflex arc work?

A

Receptors sense change, sensory neurons receive signal from receptors and send it to interneurons, interneurons decide what to do, motor neurons carry out the command to effectors, and effectors will execute the command.

Receptors>Sensory neurons>Interneurons>Motor neurons>Effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

The part of the brain that controls skeletal muscle contraction and balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is circadian rythm?

A

The physical, mental, and behavioral changes an orgamism experiences over a period of 24 hours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does circadian rythm depend on?

A

Two groups of cells called the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does melatonin work and what does it do?

A

It binds to receptors, causing drowsiness, skeletal relaxation, decreased urine production, and the core body temperature dropping.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does epinephrine (adrenaline) travel across the body?

A

It’s secreted by the adrenal glands, reaches the tissues, binds to adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane of the target cell, and finally triggers a response.

Adrenal glands>Tissue>Adrenergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the purpose of epinephrine?

A

It increases the supply of oxygen and glucose being sent to skeletal muscles, maximizing their production of ATP by respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does epinephrine make other organs do?

A

It has muscle and liver cells break down glycogen into glucose, has the bronchi/bronchioles dilate due to relation of smooth muscle cells, and it increases the heart rate, increasing cardiac output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How are the nervous and endocrine systems linked?

A

The nervous system has to send out a releasing hormone giving permission to the pituitary (part of the endocrine system) to secrete chemicals.

27
Q

What is the hypothalmus?

A

Hypothalamus is a part of the nervous system that sends/receives electrical impulses. It receives info from nerves around the body about internal conditions. It regulates release of hormones from the pituitary.

28
Q

Where are baroreceptors and chemoreceptors found?

A

In the walls of the aorta and cartoid arteries

29
Q

What is the purpose of baroreceptors?

A

They monitor blood pressure

30
Q

What is the purpose of chemoreceptors?

A

They monitor blood pH

31
Q

What does the sinotrial node (SAN) do?

A

Acts as a pacemaker

32
Q

What is a healthy blood pH?

A

7.35-7.45

33
Q

What is ventilation?

A

How much air is inhaled/exhaled per minute

34
Q

What causes a difference in pH in the blood?

A

Excess of CO2

35
Q

What are the voluntary actions in the digestion process?

A

The first phase of swallowing and the egestion of feces

36
Q

What are the three causes of disease?

A

Genetic, environmental, and infection

37
Q

What are examples of pathogens?

A

Bacteria, fungi, Protista, and viruses.

38
Q

What are infections caused by?

A

Pathogens

39
Q

What is the primary defense for the body?

A

Skin

40
Q

Which cell initiates blood clots?

A

Platelets

41
Q

What is the process of blood clotting?

A

Platelets release clotting factors. Thrombin is then produced, which converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin forms a mesh in the cuts, trapping platelets and blood cells. It finally dries into a scab when the air dries it.

Platelets > Thrombin > Fibrinogen > Insoluble fibrin > Scab

42
Q

What are the two parts of the immune system that protect the body from disease?

A

The innate immune system and the adaptive immune system

43
Q

What does the innate immune system do?

A

Protects from a broad category of pathogens, but does not change.

44
Q

What does the adaptive immune system do?

A

Builds up memory against a specific pathogen, protects against common diseases

45
Q

What is the second line of defense in the human body?

A

Phagocytes, or white blood cells.

46
Q

What do white blood cells use to digest pathogens?

A

Enzymes from lysosomes

47
Q

What are B-lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells that produce antibodies that destroy pathogens

48
Q

Where are lymphocytes contained?

A

The bloodstream and B-lymphocyte nodes

49
Q

What are antigens?

A

Glycoproteins found on the surface of pathogen

50
Q

How do B-lymphocytes kill pathogens?

A

They latch onto pathogens, then produce antibodies that are made to kill that specific pathogen

51
Q

Why do B-lymphocytes contribute to blood types?

A

Certain blood types are incompatible with others because lymphocytes can be mistaken for pathogens

52
Q

What does the helper T-cell do?

A

Activates the B-cells

53
Q

What are plasma B-cells?

A

The B-cells that fight the pathogen by secreting antibodies

54
Q

What are memory B-cells?

A

The B-cells that don’t secrete antibodies, remaining to teach other cells how to fight the pathogen

55
Q

How does HIV spread?

A

Through blood or other bodily fluids finding a way inside another person

56
Q

How is AIDS acquired?

A

HIV infects white blood cells, and when those white blood cells drop below a critical level, AIDS is acquired

57
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Chemicals that prevent the growth of microorganisms by disrupting metabolism

58
Q

Why can’t antibiotics be used against viruses?

A

Because viruses use the hosts cell for metabolism, so using antibiotics would harm the hosts cells as well.

59
Q

Why are new antibiotics always needed for the same infection?

A

Because pathogen are always evolving

60
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

When a pathogen is transmitted from an animal to a human

61
Q

What are examples of zoonotic diseases?

A

Tuberculosis, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, and COVID-19

62
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

It injects either a weak/dead pathogen, or the RNA of an antigen into the body. The B-cells then create antibodies to destroy the antigen

63
Q

How is herd immunity achieved?

A

When a significant portion of the population is vaccinated or has already contracted the disease

IB bio (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions