C3- Integration of body systems Flashcards
System coordination
The coordination/cooperation of different systems in an organism
What order is the hierarchy of subsystems?
Cells, tissue, organ, organ systems, organisms
How many organ systems are in a human?
- Circulatory, digestive, endocrine, gas exchange, integumentary, lymphatic, muscular, nervous, reproductive, skeletal, and urinary.
Ermergent properties
Properties that emerge as a result of the interaction of smaller components
What are the two types of body systems used for communication?
Endocrine system (horomones) and nervous system (nerve impulses)
What is the purpose of the circulatory system?
Facilitating integration of organs and transportation of materials and energy between organs
What is the central integrating system?
The brain
What is the brains job?
Recieving and processing info, sending instructions, storing long and short term memory
What is the CNS and what is it composed of?
The central nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord.
What is white matter?
Myelanated axons in the spine that convey signals from the brain and send them to organs
What is grey matter?
The cell body for motor neurons and interneurons, used for processing information and decision making
Where are sensory neurons located and what do they do?
The skin and sense organs. They act as receptors for touch, heat, light, and internal conditions.
Where do the brain and spinal cord recieve their signals from?
The brain recieves signals from the main sense organs, the spinal cord recieves signals from the other organs.
What do nerve impulses cause?
Muscles to contract or secrete a gland
What is a nerve?
A bundle of fibres enclosed in a protective sheath that transmits a signal
What are the most common fibres that a nerve contains?
Sensory and motor neurons
What is the reflex arc?
The process the body goes through to execute a reflex
How does the reflex arc work?
Receptors sense change, sensory neurons receive signal from receptors and send it to interneurons, interneurons decide what to do, motor neurons carry out the command to effectors, and effectors will execute the command.
Receptors>Sensory neurons>Interneurons>Motor neurons>Effectors
What is the cerebellum?
The part of the brain that controls skeletal muscle contraction and balance.
What is circadian rythm?
The physical, mental, and behavioral changes an orgamism experiences over a period of 24 hours.
What does circadian rythm depend on?
Two groups of cells called the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)
How does melatonin work and what does it do?
It binds to receptors, causing drowsiness, skeletal relaxation, decreased urine production, and the core body temperature dropping.
How does epinephrine (adrenaline) travel across the body?
It’s secreted by the adrenal glands, reaches the tissues, binds to adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane of the target cell, and finally triggers a response.
Adrenal glands>Tissue>Adrenergic receptors
What is the purpose of epinephrine?
It increases the supply of oxygen and glucose being sent to skeletal muscles, maximizing their production of ATP by respiration.
What does epinephrine make other organs do?
It has muscle and liver cells break down glycogen into glucose, has the bronchi/bronchioles dilate due to relation of smooth muscle cells, and it increases the heart rate, increasing cardiac output.
How are the nervous and endocrine systems linked?
The nervous system has to send out a releasing hormone giving permission to the pituitary (part of the endocrine system) to secrete chemicals.
What is the hypothalmus?
Hypothalamus is a part of the nervous system that sends/receives electrical impulses. It receives info from nerves around the body about internal conditions. It regulates release of hormones from the pituitary.
Where are baroreceptors and chemoreceptors found?
In the walls of the aorta and cartoid arteries
What is the purpose of baroreceptors?
They monitor blood pressure
What is the purpose of chemoreceptors?
They monitor blood pH
What does the sinotrial node (SAN) do?
Acts as a pacemaker
What is a healthy blood pH?
7.35-7.45
What is ventilation?
How much air is inhaled/exhaled per minute
What causes a difference in pH in the blood?
Excess of CO2
What are the voluntary actions in the digestion process?
The first phase of swallowing and the egestion of feces
What are the three causes of disease?
Genetic, environmental, and infection
What are examples of pathogens?
Bacteria, fungi, Protista, and viruses.
What are infections caused by?
Pathogens
What is the primary defense for the body?
Skin
Which cell initiates blood clots?
Platelets
What is the process of blood clotting?
Platelets release clotting factors. Thrombin is then produced, which converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin forms a mesh in the cuts, trapping platelets and blood cells. It finally dries into a scab when the air dries it.
Platelets > Thrombin > Fibrinogen > Insoluble fibrin > Scab
What are the two parts of the immune system that protect the body from disease?
The innate immune system and the adaptive immune system
What does the innate immune system do?
Protects from a broad category of pathogens, but does not change.
What does the adaptive immune system do?
Builds up memory against a specific pathogen, protects against common diseases
What is the second line of defense in the human body?
Phagocytes, or white blood cells.
What do white blood cells use to digest pathogens?
Enzymes from lysosomes
What are B-lymphocytes?
White blood cells that produce antibodies that destroy pathogens
Where are lymphocytes contained?
The bloodstream and B-lymphocyte nodes
What are antigens?
Glycoproteins found on the surface of pathogen
How do B-lymphocytes kill pathogens?
They latch onto pathogens, then produce antibodies that are made to kill that specific pathogen
Why do B-lymphocytes contribute to blood types?
Certain blood types are incompatible with others because lymphocytes can be mistaken for pathogens
What does the helper T-cell do?
Activates the B-cells
What are plasma B-cells?
The B-cells that fight the pathogen by secreting antibodies
What are memory B-cells?
The B-cells that don’t secrete antibodies, remaining to teach other cells how to fight the pathogen
How does HIV spread?
Through blood or other bodily fluids finding a way inside another person
How is AIDS acquired?
HIV infects white blood cells, and when those white blood cells drop below a critical level, AIDS is acquired
What are antibiotics?
Chemicals that prevent the growth of microorganisms by disrupting metabolism
Why can’t antibiotics be used against viruses?
Because viruses use the hosts cell for metabolism, so using antibiotics would harm the hosts cells as well.
Why are new antibiotics always needed for the same infection?
Because pathogen are always evolving
What is zoonosis?
When a pathogen is transmitted from an animal to a human
What are examples of zoonotic diseases?
Tuberculosis, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, and COVID-19
How does vaccination work?
It injects either a weak/dead pathogen, or the RNA of an antigen into the body. The B-cells then create antibodies to destroy the antigen
How is herd immunity achieved?
When a significant portion of the population is vaccinated or has already contracted the disease
