D.3

Question 1

What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 1

It is the calories being burnt to perform the basic life sustaining funtctions

Question 2

Discuss the association between body composition and athletic performance.

3.4

Answer 2

Body composition- body’s amount of fat mass (FM) relative to fat-free mass (FFM)

• FFM mass: lean mass & skeletal muscle mass
• FM mass: simply fat mass stored in adipose tissue

Body shape, size, composition linked w/ sport success-> optimal body morphology for success in diff. types of effort

Typical levels of FM & FFM:

• varies w/ age, gender, genetics, diet, physical activity level
• women tend to have higher FM than men
• competitors in range of sports, gender difference persists but there is variation in FM & FFM across different sport
• too low FM (<5per cent for men or <12 per cent for women), or too high= health threatened

How can FM and FFM be measured?
Expressing amount of FM & FFM in kg/% of body mass= simple idea, difficult measurement
- need to directly quantifying the amount of tissue in the body via cadaveric dissection
- indirect approaches are used but they are less accurate

Accurate:
- Skinfold caliper measures
- Bioelectrical impedance
- Underwater weighing
- Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Strength & Power sports
- body mass isn’t limiting factor -> athletes may have high levels of adipose tissue
- muscular

Endurance athletes:
- small and slender tendency due to increased energy expenditure

Question 3

Compare water distribution in trained and untrained individuals

2.3

Answer 3

Water distribution dependent on body composition

1. Trained athlete has greater water content in body, intra & extracellularly
   * Muscle contains 65–75 % water (glycogen stores -> store more water) : Fat mass is 5–20 % water
   * Exercise training increases & water distributed within the intracellular compartment
2. Trained athlete’s sweat is more dilute than untrained, affects water distribution during exercise
3. Trained athlete has improved temperature regulatory process
4. Trained athlete has increased blood plasma volume

Question 4

State the typical pH values found throughout the digestive system.

1.2

Answer 4

Mouth: 5.5 to 7.5
Stomach: 1.0 to less than 4.0
Small intestine: 6.0 to 8.0

->Different organs function at their optimal level of pH

Question 5

Outline the features of the principal components of the digestive system.

1.1

Answer 5

mouth- mechanical digestion and chemical digestion
esophagus- peristalsis action
stomach- rugae, lumen, mucous coating
small intestine- villi and microvilli increase area for absorption
large intestine- water balance, vitamin absorption
pancreas- production of enzymes
liver- production of bile
gall bladder- storage of bile

Question 6

6.3 - Discuss the effects of alcohol on athletic performance

Answer 6

ERGOGENIC EFFECTS
- Anti-tremor
Low amounts of alcohol (0.02-0.05 g/dL) might assist in sports such as shooting and archery by reducing hand tremors, but levels above this will have a negative impact

ERGOLYTIC EFFECTS
- Balance
Power and strength
Endurance
Speed
Coordination
Reaction time and cognitive processing
Cardiac functioning
Inhibition of gluconeogenesis

Any amount of alcohol is likely to impair performance in activities such as running and power sports

Question 7

7.1. Outline the role of antioxidants in the body

Answer 7

Antioxidants are molecules that can prevent or limit the damaging effects of free radicals by turning the damaging effects of free radicals by turning them into substances that are far less reactive

Question 8

Outline the role of antioxidants in the body

Answer 8

What vitamins and minerals are antioxidants?
Vitamins A, C and E
Selenium, Copper and Manganese are components of enzymes also involved in defense against free radicals
Berries, red grapes, kale, broccoli and tea are examples of foods that contain antioxidants

Question 9

List five classes of non- nutritional ergogenic aids that are currently banned by the International Olympic

Answer 9

• Beta Blockers
• Anabolic steroids
• Diuretics and masking agents
• Stimulants
• Hormones and related substances such as EPO and human growth hormone

Question 10

The relation between body heat loss with respect to surfaces exposed to the low and high humidity environment.

Answer 10

• As humidity increases, no more water can evaporate. In hot conditions, sweat evaporates slower (causing the body to overheat).
• In low humidity, sweat evaporates quickly which may cause dehydration.