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bm210 biochemistry > D2 post absorptive state > Flashcards

D2 post absorptive state Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 major essential polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

linoleic acid [C18:2]
linolenic acid [C18:3]

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2
Q

what lipid soluble vitamins are only present in dietary fat and require fat for absorption

A

A, D, E, and K

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3
Q

3 types of fat in our diet and body

A

-triacylglycerols (triglycerides)
-phospholipids
-cholesterol

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4
Q

basic structure of triacylglyerols

A

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

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5
Q

basic structure of phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids and a head group attached to glycerol

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6
Q

basic structure of cholesterol

A

4 ring hydrocarbon

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7
Q

what does saturated and unsaturated mean

A

saturated= no double bonds
unsaturation= 1+ double bonds

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8
Q

what are the 4 common head groups of phospholipids
(glycerophospholipids)

A

-phosphocholine
-phosphoethanolamine
-phosphoserine
-phosphoinositol

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9
Q

what is digestion of fat carried out by

A

lipases

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10
Q

what carries out digestion of fat in the mouth

A

lingual lipase

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11
Q

what carries out digestion of fat in the stomach

A

gastric lipase

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12
Q

what carries out digestion of fat in the intestine

A

pancreatic lipase,
phospholipase
(absorption of fatty acids, glycerol, fats)

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13
Q

properties of lipids (FA)

A

hydrophobic
insoluble in aq environments

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14
Q

what transports FA around the body

A

lipoproteins

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15
Q

name of fatty acid oxidation

A

b-oxidation

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16
Q

what are the 5 major step names in the oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria

A
  1. activation
    1a transport
  2. oxidation
  3. hydration
  4. oxidation
  5. thiolysis
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17
Q

activation

A

to form a thioester bond with CoA

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18
Q

transport

A

into mitochondia

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19
Q

oxidation 1

A

2 H removed - double bond C=C

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20
Q

hydration

A

H2O added across double bond C=C

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21
Q

oxidation 2

A

C-OH converted to C=O

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22
Q

thiolysis

A

acetyl-CoA cleaved from activated end

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23
Q

what does the thiol group of coenzyme A form

A

a high energy thioester bond with the carboxylic acid group of the fatty acid

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24
Q

what is the energy source in the activation of fatty acids by CoA

A

driven by ATP and subsequent hydrolysis of pyrophosphate
(2 high energy bonds)

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25
Q

where are fatty acids transported to

A

mitochondria

26
Q

what does the transport of activated fatty acids into mitochondria use as a carrier

A

carnitine

27
Q

what is carnitine

A

an acyl-carrier that transports the fatty acyl chains

28
Q

how much ATP does each round of b-oxidation produce

A

14 ATP
(2.5 NADH
1.5 FADH2
10 acetyl CoA)

29
Q

how many rounds of oxidation does palmitate need

A

7

30
Q

what is the total yield of ATP from complete breakdown of fatty acids

A

106
(14x7)+10=108 but 2 used to activate the fatty acid

31
Q

what enzyme is required for the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids for one c=c double bond

A

cis-D 3-Enoyl CoA isomerase

32
Q

what enzymes are required for the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids for two C=C double bonds

A

cis-D3-Enoyl CoA isomerase
2,4-Dienoyl CoA reductase

33
Q

when can acetyl CoA only enter the TCA

A

if carbohydrate and fat metabolism are balanced

34
Q

what occurs if fat metabolism predominates and why

A

shortage of oxaloacetate
because its used for gluconeogenesis (to make glucose) and hence an excess of acetyl CoA

35
Q

if fat predominates what is acetyl-CoA converted to

A

ketone bodies

36
Q

what do odd chain fatty acids yield at the end of the degradation

A

propionyl-CoA (3C)

37
Q

what is propionyl-CoA converted into

A

succinyl-CoA by addition of bicarbonate (HCO3) which then enters TCA cycle

38
Q

what 2 things are required for the degradation of odd chain fatty acids

A

ATP and vitB12

39
Q

what is the daily glucose requirement of the brain of a typical human being

A

120g

40
Q

how much glucose needed daily by the whole body

A

160g

41
Q

how much glucose is found in body fluids

A

20g

42
Q

how much glucose is stored in glycogen

A

190g

43
Q

when is gluconeogenesis esp important

A

during period of starvation

44
Q

what is gluconeogenesis and where does it mainly occur

A

conversion of pyruvate into glucose
in liver

45
Q

major carbohydrate precursors are

A

lactate
propionate
aa
glycerol

46
Q

where does lactate come from

A

rate of glycolysis exceeds the rate of oxidative metabolism

47
Q

where does aa come from

A

breakdown of proteins

48
Q

where does propionate and glycerol come from

A

hydrolysis of triacylglycerols

49
Q

in what body parts are glucose 6 phosphate present in

A

liver and kidney

50
Q

where in cells is glucose 6 phosphate located

A

membrane of ER

51
Q

how many proteins are needed to transform glucose 6 phosphate into glucose

A

5

52
Q

3 steps of converting glucose 6 phosphate to glucose

A

-G6P transported into ER
-G6P hydrolysed
-glucose and Pi transported into cytosol

53
Q

what are the cofactors to fructose 1,6-biphosphatase

A

Mg2+
Mn2+
and/or Zn2+

54
Q

what activates fructose 1,6-biphosphatase

A

citrate

55
Q

can pyruvate be converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by pyruvate kinase

A

no because the reaction is irreversible under intracellular conditions

56
Q

how is the reversal of the reaction achieved (pyruvate conversion)

A

coupling of 2 rxns requiring ATP and GTP

57
Q

where is pyruvate carboxylase localised

A

mitochondrium

58
Q

what does pyruvate carboxylase carry as a prosthetic group

A

biotin

59
Q

what does biotin function as

A

carrier for activated CO2

60
Q

where is the activated carboxyl group transferred to to form what

A

pyruvate to form oxaloacetate

bm210 biochemistry (19 decks)

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