D - The effects of sports and exercise performance on the cardiovascular system Flashcards
What is the Sympathetic nervous system?
The component of the nervous system which stimulates the cardiac cycle during exercise and SPEEDS UP heart rate
What is the Parasympathetic nervous system?
The component of the nervous system which inhibits the cardiac cycle at rest and SLOWS DOWN the heart rate
What is the Anticipatory Rise?
An increase in heart rate immediately before taking part in physical activity as a result of increased release of adrenaline in the bloodstream.
What is Cardiac Output (Q)?
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute.
What is the Stroke Volume?
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat
What is Cardiac Hypertrophy?
An adaptation to regular physical activity which increases the size of the heart muscle
What is Hyper/Hypothermia ?
Impaired thermoregulation which results in dangerously low (hypo) or high (hyper) core
What is Hyper/Hypotension?
Blood pressure which is higher (hyper) or lower (hypo) than considered medically desirable
What does the Aorta do?
Transports oxygenated blood out of the heart and around the body so that it can provide oxygen to the working muscles
What does the Pulmonary Artery do?
Transports de-oxygenated blood to the lungs where oxygen is accepted by the blood
What does the Pulmonary Vein do?
-transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
What happens in the left atrium?
Oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium before moving into the ventricle
What does the tri/bicuspid valve do?
- Prevents backflow of blood
- ensures a consistent amount of blood flow
- tri to the right ventricle
- bi to the left ventricle
What happens in the left ventricle?
Oxygenated blood is pumped up into the aorta
What does the Septum do?
Separates the left and right ventricles which allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to be kept separate
What happens in the right ventricle?
Deoxygenated blood is pumped up through pulmonary artery
What does the vena cava do?
Brings the deoxygenated blood back from the body to the heart through the right atrium
What happens in the right atrium?
Deoxygenated blood is taken from the vena cava to be stored in the atrium to be flowed through the tricuspid valve
What are the coronary arteries?
Run with the tissue of the heart and provide the cardiac muscles with oxygen so that they can continue to beat
What type of blood vessel do arteries lead into?
Arterioles – these are smaller than arteries
What is the function of Arterioles?
They carry oxygenated blood away from the heart towards the working tissues (organs and muscles).
Describe the size/ diameter of the lumen of the Arteries and arterioles
-Smaller to ensure that blood pressure is elevated. Size is even smaller in arterioles
Describe the wall thickness of the arteries and arterioles and why
Arteries walls are thicker in order to withstand the high blood pressure which ensres that blood can be pumped around the body.
FUN FACT:
The walls also allow vasodilation (widening) and vasoconstriction (narrowing) to occur in order to redistribute the blood flow during exercise
Do arteries/ arterioles have valves?
No
What is the function of capillaries?
Capillaries link the arterioles and venules together, ad allow oxygen, nutrients and carbon dioxide to diffuse between the blood and cells of the body
Describe the size/ diameter of the lumen of the capillaries
A larger surface area in order to increase the capacity for gaseous exchange
Describe how the capillary aids the process of gaseous exchange.
- Capillaries are a connective blood vessel between an arteriole and venule
- A network of capillaries providing a large surface area that surrounds the muscle/ alveoli
- It has a one cell thick, semi permeable membrane
Describe the wall thickness of the Capillaries and why
Capillary walls are very thin (one cell) to ensure that oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse into and out of the blood vessel.
FUN FACT:
The walls also allow vasodilation (widening) and vasoconstriction (narrowing) to occur in order to redistribute the blood flow during exercise
Do capillaries have valves?
No
What type of blood vessel do veins lead into?
Venules – these are smaller than veins
What is the function of venules?
To carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart where it can be pumped to the lungs
Describe the size/ diameter of the lumen of the venules/ veins
The walls of the veins are smaller than the arteries as blood does not need to be under higher pressure in these blood vessels.
Do veins have valves?
Yes – these ensure that deoxygenated blood only flows towards the heart by preventing backflow
What are two major properties of the arteries?
Elasticity and contractility
