D - The effects of sports and exercise performance on the cardiovascular system

Question 1

What is the Sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 1

The component of the nervous system which stimulates the cardiac cycle during exercise and SPEEDS UP heart rate

Question 2

What is the Parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 2

The component of the nervous system which inhibits the cardiac cycle at rest and SLOWS DOWN the heart rate

Question 3

What is the Anticipatory Rise?

Answer 3

An increase in heart rate immediately before taking part in physical activity as a result of increased release of adrenaline in the bloodstream.

Question 4

What is Cardiac Output (Q)?

Answer 4

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute.

Question 5

What is the Stroke Volume?

Answer 5

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat

Question 6

What is Cardiac Hypertrophy?

Answer 6

An adaptation to regular physical activity which increases the size of the heart muscle

Question 7

What is Hyper/Hypothermia ?

Answer 7

Impaired thermoregulation which results in dangerously low (hypo) or high (hyper) core

Question 8

What is Hyper/Hypotension?

Answer 8

Blood pressure which is higher (hyper) or lower (hypo) than considered medically desirable

Question 9

What does the Aorta do?

Answer 9

Transports oxygenated blood out of the heart and around the body so that it can provide oxygen to the working muscles

Question 10

What does the Pulmonary Artery do?

Answer 10

Transports de-oxygenated blood to the lungs where oxygen is accepted by the blood

Question 11

What does the Pulmonary Vein do?

Answer 11

-transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Question 12

What happens in the left atrium?

Answer 12

Oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium before moving into the ventricle

Question 13

What does the tri/bicuspid valve do?

Answer 13

• Prevents backflow of blood
• ensures a consistent amount of blood flow
• tri to the right ventricle
• bi to the left ventricle

Question 14

What happens in the left ventricle?

Answer 14

Oxygenated blood is pumped up into the aorta

Question 15

What does the Septum do?

Answer 15

Separates the left and right ventricles which allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to be kept separate

Question 16

What happens in the right ventricle?

Answer 16

Deoxygenated blood is pumped up through pulmonary artery

Question 17

What does the vena cava do?

Answer 17

Brings the deoxygenated blood back from the body to the heart through the right atrium

Question 18

What happens in the right atrium?

Answer 18

Deoxygenated blood is taken from the vena cava to be stored in the atrium to be flowed through the tricuspid valve

Question 19

What are the coronary arteries?

Answer 19

Run with the tissue of the heart and provide the cardiac muscles with oxygen so that they can continue to beat

Question 20

What type of blood vessel do arteries lead into?

Answer 20

Arterioles – these are smaller than arteries

Question 21

What is the function of Arterioles?

Answer 21

They carry oxygenated blood away from the heart towards the working tissues (organs and muscles).

Question 22

Describe the size/ diameter of the lumen of the Arteries and arterioles

Answer 22

-Smaller to ensure that blood pressure is elevated. Size is even smaller in arterioles

Question 23

Describe the wall thickness of the arteries and arterioles and why

Answer 23

Arteries walls are thicker in order to withstand the high blood pressure which ensres that blood can be pumped around the body.
FUN FACT:
The walls also allow vasodilation (widening) and vasoconstriction (narrowing) to occur in order to redistribute the blood flow during exercise

Question 24

Do arteries/ arterioles have valves?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 25

Capillaries link the arterioles and venules together, ad allow oxygen, nutrients and carbon dioxide to diffuse between the blood and cells of the body

Question 26

Describe the size/ diameter of the lumen of the capillaries

Answer 26

A larger surface area in order to increase the capacity for gaseous exchange

Question 27

Describe how the capillary aids the process of gaseous exchange.

Answer 27

• Capillaries are a connective blood vessel between an arteriole and venule
• A network of capillaries providing a large surface area that surrounds the muscle/ alveoli
• It has a one cell thick, semi permeable membrane

Question 28

Describe the wall thickness of the Capillaries and why

Answer 28

Capillary walls are very thin (one cell) to ensure that oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse into and out of the blood vessel.

FUN FACT:
The walls also allow vasodilation (widening) and vasoconstriction (narrowing) to occur in order to redistribute the blood flow during exercise

Question 29

Do capillaries have valves?

Answer 29

No

Question 30

What type of blood vessel do veins lead into?

Answer 30

Venules – these are smaller than veins

Question 31

What is the function of venules?

Answer 31

To carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart where it can be pumped to the lungs

Question 32

Describe the size/ diameter of the lumen of the venules/ veins

Answer 32

The walls of the veins are smaller than the arteries as blood does not need to be under higher pressure in these blood vessels.

Question 33

Do veins have valves?

Answer 33

Yes – these ensure that deoxygenated blood only flows towards the heart by preventing backflow

Question 34

What are two major properties of the arteries?

Answer 34

Elasticity and contractility