D's

Question 1

Deviance

Answer 1

Extent behaviour is rare within society.
Depends on context/culture.

Question 2

Dysfunction

Answer 2

Extent behaviour interferes with life .
All aspects of everyday life looked at.
E.g. not being productive, not leaving house.

Question 3

Distress

Answer 3

Extent behaviour upsets the individual.
Look at in isolation as could still function.
Subjective experience.

Question 4

Danger

Answer 4

Danger to themselves or others and should be assessed.
Could indicate intervention needed.

Question 5

Limitations of Deviation

Answer 5

Sometimes statistically rare things are desirable.
Deviation does not account for desirability of a behaviour.
Social norms differ in each culture and context.

Question 6

Limitations of Distress

Answer 6

It is subjective.
Something that could cause distress to one person, may not for another.

Question 7

Limitations of Dysfunction

Answer 7

‘Fully functioning’ is subjective as different tests give different results.
Can fully function with some mental disorders.

Question 8

Limitations of Danger

Answer 8

Could be too late before noticed (danger already occurred).
Normal people do dangerous stuff.
Subjective.

Question 9

General limitations of the 4D’s

Answer 9

No clear scale between normal + abnormal.
Can be other explanations.
Based on clinicians judgement.

Question 10

Why are reliable diagnosis essential?

Answer 10

To ensure correct treatment is given.

Question 11

Why does diagnosis rely on interpretation of symptoms?

Answer 11

There is no obvious measurable physiological signs.