D: Organic chemistry Flashcards
What is the homologous series?
A family of compounds with similar properties because they have similar bonding
What are alkanes made of?
Hydrocarbons
What is the general formula for ALKANES?
CnH2n+2
What is the general formula for ALKENES?
CnH2n
What is an addition reaction?
Part of the double bond breaks and the electrons are used to join other atoms onto the two carbon atoms
How do you test for an alkene?
By using bromine which decolorises when in contact with an alkene (carbon-carbon double bonds)
What do all alcohols contain?
An -OH group covalently bonded onto a carbon chain
How do you make ethanol normally?
By fermentation of glucose using yeast and also by hydration of ethene
What is a biofuel? (Hint: ethanol is a biofuel)
A fuel made from biological sources
What is dehydration?
The removal of water from a compound
What happens in the dehydration of ethanol?
Ethanol vapour is passed over hot aluminium oxide acting as a catalyst.
What does SATURATED mean?
Single bonds
What is crude oil?
A mixture of hydrocarbons. It is a finite non-renewable source.
How do the properties of hydrocarbons change with molecule size? (When thy get bigger)
Boiling point increases,
Liquids become less volatile and flow less easily
How do you seperate crude oil?
Using a fractional column which is fractional distillation.
It is cooler at the top and hotter at the bottom.
What are the top three things on the fractioning column?
Refinery gases
Gasoline
Kerosine
What are the bottom three things on the fractioning column?
Diesel oil
Fuel oil
Bitumen
Why can hydrocarbons be used as fuels?
They but in air to form carbon dioxide and water and release a lot of heat
What is incomplete combustion?
When there isn’t enough air leading to carbon monoxide
What are refinery gases used for and what is kerosine used for?
LPG for domestic heating and cooking
Used as fuel for jet aircrafts
What is bitumen?
A thick black material that makes the surfaces of roads
What is cracking?
A process in which large hydrocarbons molecules are broken into smaller ones
What does cracking produce?
A mixture of alkanes and alkenes?
What is it called when molecules containing carbon-carbon bonds break, and the electrons in it join neighbouring molecules?
Addition polymerisation
