d fucking rrr (exam 👎🏻) Flashcards
a feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced by the sudden displacement of rocks or rock materials below the earth’s surface.
Earthquake
generated by the sudden displacement along faults in the solid and rigid layer of the earth.
Tectonic earthquakes
earthquakes induced by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes
Volcanic earthquakes
refers to the amount of energy released, measured by the amount of ground displacement or shaking
Magnitude
strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by people in a certain locality.
Intensity
4 Major Faults in Nueva Ecija: Nueva Ecija has 4 major faults:
Digdig Fault line
San Jose Fault
and 2 unnamed faults
Classification of Earthquake Effects:
Primary Effects and Secondary Effects
disruptive up-down and sideways movement or motion experienced during an earthquake
Ground Shaking
displacement on the ground due to movement of fault.
Ground Rupture
process that transforms the behavior of a body of sediments from that of a solid to that of a liquid when subjected to extremely intense shaking.
Liquefaction
failures in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an earthquake
Earthquake Included Landslide
Even moderate ground shaking can break gas and electrical lines, sever fuel lines, and overturn stoves. To further complicate things, water pipes rupture, so it would be impossible to extinguish
Fires
sea waves resulting from the disturbance of ocean floor by an earthquake
Tsunami
A tsunami is a Japanese word meaning “_____________”. It is a sea waves resulting from the disturbance of ocean floor by an earthquake
Harbor waves
is commonly generated by disturbances associated with earthquakes occurring below or near the ocean floor.
tsunami
The increase in wave heights associated or during typhoons (when there are strong winds) or tropical cyclones are called
storm surges
done by effective instrumentation in order to determine the location, strength and frequency of earthquakes.
Effective Recording and Interpretation of Ground Motion
It serves as basis for disaster management information like locations for evacuation and evacuation routes.
Constructing Seismic Hazard Maps
shows the potential hazards in a given area.
Seismic hazard map
able to withstand collapse by redistributing forces caused by seismic waves
through shear walls. Following building codes based on hazard maps or by appropriate methods of analysis
Developing Resistant Structures
highlights areas that are affected by or are vulnerable to a particular hazard. They are typically created for natural hazards, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, flooding and tsunamis. Hazard maps help prevent serious damage and deaths
Hazard Map
This will give you the proper direction. This is also called it “orientation.”
Compass rose
It tells what the map is about.
Title
These are pictures instead of symbols.
Symbols
It explains the meaning of symbols and color.
Legend or Key
It highlights the important information to help interpret maps.
Color
It shows the proportion of map to real life
Scale
phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose potential threat to persons or property in a given area within a given period of time
Volcanic Hazards
streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent
Lava flows
Lava Flows (Negative Impacts)
- Rarely threaten human life
- Burying, crushing, covering, burning anything on its path
- Lavas can bury homes and agricultural areas under meters of hardened rock
- can also block bridges and highways, affecting mobility and accessibility of people and communities
showers of airborne fine- to coarse-grained volcanic particles that fallout from the plumes of a volcanic eruption
Ashfall or Tephra Fall
Ashfall Negative Impacts
- can cause poor or low visibility
- Loss of agricultural lands
- clogs filters and vents of motors, human lungs, industrial machines, and nuclear power plants.
- dangerous for aircrafts
- Carrying of harmful gases, acids, salts, and, close to the vent, heat.
- Can collapse roofs of buildings and damage or kill vegetation.
- Can damage such critical facilities as hospitals, electric-generating plants, pumping stations, etc.
a dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases. It is extremely hot, burning anything in its path. It may move at speeds as high as 200 m/s
Pyroclastic Flows and Surges
Pyroclastic flows (Negative Impacts)
- Destroy anything on its path by direct impact
- Burn sites with hot rocks debris
- Burn forests, farmlands, destroy crops and buildings
a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water
Lahar
Lahars (Negative Impacts)
- destroy by direct impact, block tributary stream, can bury valleys and communities with debris, lead to increased deposition of sediments
the fluid gas phase released by active volcanoes, both during eruption and quiescence
• CO2, SO2, HCl, HF, H2S, CO, H2, NH3, CH4
Volcanic Gases
Volcanic gases (Negative Impacts)
- SO2 can lead to acid rain.
- High concentrations of CO2 which is colorless and odorless can be lethal to people, animals and vegetation.
- Fluorine compounds can deform and kill animals that grazed on vegetation covered with volcanic ash.
Volcanic materials directly ejected from the volcano’s vent with force and trajectory. endanger life and property by the force of impact of falling fragments, but this occurs only close to an eruption vent.
Ballistic projectiles
sea waves or wave trains that are generated by sudden displacement of water (could be generated during undersea eruptions or debris avalanches)
Tsunami
plug that is pushed out by magma within the conduit.
Bulge
known as “landslip”. It is a ground movement on a sloping terrain. Aggravated by rain and occur naturally. It can be triggered by water and vibrations
Landslide
Down-slope movement of soil and or rock, Down-slope flow of wet soil, Lateral spreading of soil and/or rock
Landslide Hazards
Depression or holes on the ground resulted from the collapse of the surface layer. It occurs in areas where soil foundation is made of soft minerals and rocks (ex: Limestone, Salt beds, Acidic rock)
Sinkholes
Equipped with tilt meter, used to measure the slope
Abney Level
Used to measure the soil compaction and soil strength
Laser Rangefinder
Used for detecting the type of materials underneath the soil
Ground Penetrating Radar
Hydro
Water
Study of atmosphere that focuses of weather forecasting
Meteorology
is the study of the atmospheric and terrestrial phases of the hydrological cycle with emphasis on the interrelationship between them.
Hydrometeorology
a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms, originated over the tropical waters.
Tropical Cyclone
a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of up to 61 kph.
Tropical Depression (TD)
a tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed of 62 to 88 kph.
Tropical Storm (TS)
a tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed of 89 to 117 kph.
Severe Tropical Storm (STS)
tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed of 118 to 220 kph.
Typhoon
a tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed exceeding 220 kph.
Super Typhoon (STY)
Every year, an average of __ tropical cyclones enter the Philippines Area of Responsibility (PAR), and about half (___) make landfall in the Philippines.
19
9-10
It sends out electromagnetic waves to the atmosphere that is then reflected by hydrometeors (e.g. rain, clouds) present in the sky.
RADAR
Radio Detection and Ranging.
known as electrical storm. Characterized by heavy rain with the presence of thunder and lightning.
Thunderstorm
caused by continues heavy rain or poor drainage. Usually in low lying area
Flood
A rapid flow of water on saturated soil or dry soil that has poor absorption
Flash Flood
Abnormal rise in coastal waters due to a massive force from the sea or from the air above the sea
Storm Surge
Rapid rotating column of air that is in contact with the air and land 12-24 tornadoes a year in Philippines
Tornado
large scale warming of the ocean and atmosphere across central and east-central Equatorial Pacific heating up of the Pacific Ocean near the equator
El Nino
Similar to the location of El Niño. Sea temperatures become lower by 3-5 degrees
La Niña
Amount of rainfall Direction Speed Intensity of winds
Doppler Radar
installed in telecommunication cell Sites. Detects possible flooding and flash floods
Automated Rain Gauge
Monitors atmospheric changes, typhoon or hurricane patterns and glacial movements
Weather Satellites
