(D) Enzymes in Action Flashcards

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1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

A protein molecule that acts as a catalyst in a biochemical reaction

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2
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids

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3
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Molecules that can combine to make proteins

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4
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

A central (Alpha) carbon atom with 4 chemical groups attached

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5
Q

What chemical groups are attached to the central(alpha) carbon in a amino acid?

A
  • A hydrogen atom
  • An amino group
  • A carboxyl group
  • A variable R group (side chain)
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6
Q

How many R groups and amino acids are there?

A

There are 20(multiple) different R groups so there are 20(multiple) different amino acids

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7
Q

What are the main types of amino acid?

A
  • Polar/Hydrophilic
  • Non-polar/Hydrophobic
  • Acidic/Negatively charged R group
  • Basic/Positively charged R group
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8
Q

Peptide bond

A

Bonds that link amino acids together

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9
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction that occurs between two amino acids and produces water as well as a peptide bond

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10
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

When two amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond

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11
Q

What is a tripeptide?

A

When three amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond

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12
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

When several amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond and a polypeptide with more than 50 amino acid is a protein

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13
Q

What is a protein structure and the types of protein structure?

A

A protein structure is the structure of a protein and there are 4 types;
* Primary
* Secondary
* Tertiary
* Quaternary

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14
Q

What is a primary protein structure?

A

A polypeptide chain/amino acid sequence

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15
Q

What is a secondary protein structure?

A

When a polypeptide chain forms a shape (secondary structure) usually a α-helix or a beta plated sheet

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16
Q

What types of secondary structures are there?

A
  • α-helix
  • Beta plated sheet
17
Q

What are secondary protein structures held by?

A

Hydrogen bonds between -NH of one peptide and the -C=O of another amino acid

18
Q

What are tertiary protein structures?

A

A secondary structure which folds into three dimensional shapes

19
Q

What does a tertiary protein structure do?

A

Gives an enzyme the shape of it’s active site

20
Q

What bonds hold a tertiary protein structure together?

A
  • Peptide
  • Hydrogen
  • Ionic
  • Disulphide bridge
21
Q

What is a disulphide bond?

A

A bond that forms due to a oxidization reaction

22
Q

What is an active site?

A

An active site is a a region on an enzyme that binds to a substrate

23
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The molecule that binds and is broken down by the enzyme

24
Q

What is denaturation?

A

When the tertiary structure(active site) of the enzyme is changed

25
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up a reaction, enzymes are biological catalysts

26
Q

What is catalytic activity?

A

Increase in the rate of a reaction caused by the inclusion of an catalyst

27
Q

What is collusion theory?

A

For a reaction to occur;
* Particles have to collide
* Particles must have enough energy to react

28
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The minimum energy required for a particles to react

29
Q

What is the enzyme-substrate complex

A

When a substrate enters the active site, this forms the enzyme-substrate complex. Then the reaction occurs, converting the substrate into products

30
Q

What is different(specific) about every enzyme?

A

Enzymes are specific because different enzymes have different shaped active sites
The shape of the active site is complementary to the shape of its substrate

31
Q

How does an enzyme lower the activation energy it needs?

A
  • More particles have the required energy needed
  • There are mores successful collisions
  • There is a faster reaction
32
Q

How can the rate of reaction be measured?

A

The initial rate of reaction must be recorded
* Measuring the decrease in substrate
* Measuring the increase in product

33
Q

What are the factors that affect enzyme activity?

A
  • Temperature.
  • pH
  • Substrate and enzyme concentration
34
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

The closer the temperature is to the optimum(37°C) the faster the rate of reaction

35
Q

What happen to an enzyme if the temperature is below the optimum?

A

Below this, there is less energy so less collision so slower reaction

36
Q

What happen to an enzyme if the temperature is above the optimum?

A

Above this, the enzyme starts to denature and the hydrogen bond in the enzymes start to break

37
Q

How does the pH affect enzyme activity?

A

Most enzymes have an optimum pH between 7 and 8, if the pH is outside this range then enzyme activity decreases

38
Q

How does the substrate and enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity?

A

Increase in substrate/enzyme concentration →
Increase in the rate of collisions →
Increase in the rate of reaction

39
Q

How much can the substrate and enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity?

A