(D) Enzymes in Action Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

A protein molecule that acts as a catalyst in a biochemical reaction

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2
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids

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3
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Molecules that can combine to make proteins

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4
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

A central (Alpha) carbon atom with 4 chemical groups attached

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5
Q

What chemical groups are attached to the central(alpha) carbon in a amino acid?

A
  • A hydrogen atom
  • An amino group
  • A carboxyl group
  • A variable R group (side chain)
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6
Q

How many R groups and amino acids are there?

A

There are 20(multiple) different R groups so there are 20(multiple) different amino acids

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7
Q

What are the main types of amino acid?

A
  • Polar/Hydrophilic
  • Non-polar/Hydrophobic
  • Acidic/Negatively charged R group
  • Basic/Positively charged R group
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8
Q

Peptide bond

A

Bonds that link amino acids together

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9
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction that occurs between two amino acids and produces water as well as a peptide bond

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10
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

When two amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond

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11
Q

What is a tripeptide?

A

When three amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond

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12
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

When several amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond and a polypeptide with more than 50 amino acid is a protein

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13
Q

What is a protein structure and the types of protein structure?

A

A protein structure is the structure of a protein and there are 4 types;
* Primary
* Secondary
* Tertiary
* Quaternary

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14
Q

What is a primary protein structure?

A

A polypeptide chain/amino acid sequence

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15
Q

What is a secondary protein structure?

A

When a polypeptide chain forms a shape (secondary structure) usually a α-helix or a beta plated sheet

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16
Q

What types of secondary structures are there?

A
  • α-helix
  • Beta plated sheet
17
Q

What are secondary protein structures held by?

A

Hydrogen bonds between -NH of one peptide and the -C=O of another amino acid

18
Q

What are tertiary protein structures?

A

A secondary structure which folds into three dimensional shapes

19
Q

What does a tertiary protein structure do?

A

Gives an enzyme the shape of it’s active site

20
Q

What bonds hold a tertiary protein structure together?

A
  • Peptide
  • Hydrogen
  • Ionic
  • Disulphide bridge
21
Q

What is a disulphide bond?

A

A bond that forms due to a oxidization reaction

22
Q

What is an active site?

A

An active site is a a region on an enzyme that binds to a substrate

23
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The molecule that binds and is broken down by the enzyme

24
Q

What is denaturation?

A

When the tertiary structure(active site) of the enzyme is changed

25
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up a reaction, enzymes are biological catalysts
26
What is catalytic activity?
Increase in the rate of a reaction caused by the inclusion of an catalyst
27
What is collusion theory?
For a reaction to occur; * Particles have to collide * Particles must have enough energy to react
28
What is activation energy?
The minimum energy required for a particles to react
29
What is the enzyme-substrate complex
When a substrate enters the active site, this forms the enzyme-substrate complex. Then the reaction occurs, converting the substrate into products
30
What is different(specific) about every enzyme?
Enzymes are specific because different enzymes have different shaped active sites The shape of the active site is complementary to the shape of its substrate
31
How does an enzyme lower the activation energy it needs?
* More particles have the required energy needed * There are mores successful collisions * There is a faster reaction
32
How can the rate of reaction be measured?
The initial rate of reaction must be recorded * Measuring the decrease in substrate * Measuring the increase in product
33
What are the factors that affect enzyme activity?
* Temperature. * pH * Substrate and enzyme concentration
34
How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
The closer the temperature is to the optimum(37°C) the faster the rate of reaction
35
What happen to an enzyme if the temperature is below the optimum?
Below this, there is less energy so less collision so slower reaction
36
What happen to an enzyme if the temperature is above the optimum?
Above this, the enzyme starts to denature and the hydrogen bond in the enzymes start to break
37
How does the pH affect enzyme activity?
Most enzymes have an optimum pH between 7 and 8, if the pH is outside this range then enzyme activity decreases
38
How does the substrate and enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity?
Increase in substrate/enzyme concentration → Increase in the rate of collisions → Increase in the rate of reaction
39
How much can the substrate and enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity?