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Russia and its Rulers > D - Economic and Social policies > Flashcards

D - Economic and Social policies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main themes in an economy question?

A

industrialisation and agriculture

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2
Q

What are the main themes in a social question?

A

rural and urban working conditions, rural and urban housing/living conditions, access to food + famine, changes in population and social structure, religious policy and toleration

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3
Q

Alexander II - agriculture

A
  • emancipation: intended to help modernise Russia, but in reality led to 49 years of redemption payments + control by mir
    -> life before emancipation is similar to Stalin’s control over workers during collectivisation (mir)
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4
Q

Alexander II - industry

A
  • railway construction: 2194 miles in 1862 to 13 979 miles in 1878 + Mikhail Reutern doubled industrial output
    -> focus on a specific industry to cultivate growth, similar to Khrushchev’s focus on light industry
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5
Q

Alexander II - rural and urban housing and living conditions

A
  • ignorance of rural housing, with the exception of izbas
    -> similar to all tsarist periods, different to Khrushchev’s agrotowns
  • social inequality and revenue housing in urban areas, including high rent with poor conditions
    -> also similar to other tsars, different to the communists who had Kommunalka
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6
Q

Alexander II - rural and urban working conditions

A
  • loopholes in tsarist legislations -> lack of safety due to overcrowded floors and dangerous machinery
    -> similar to tsars as well as communists (ironic)
  • emancipation: pivotal for working conditions, but control of the Mir
    -> both similar and different to Stalin’s collectivisation
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7
Q

Alexander II - access to food and famine

A
  • Zemtsva in charge of drawing up emergency measurements for famines
    -> similar to Alexander III’s Special Committee on famine relief
  • substinence farming - similar to all tsars
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8
Q

Alexander II - changes in population and social structure

A
  • feudal structure, 80% of the population were serfs
    -> similar to all tsars, BUT emancipation freed the serfs
  • big population growth spurt between 1870 and 1913
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9
Q

Alexander II - educational reform

A
  • Zemtsva schools introduced and by 1865 doubled n of students attending secondary schools
    -> different to Alexander III who banned lower-class children from going to secondary school, but similar to Communists who aimed to improve education

-1863: autonomy reinstated to unoversities
-> also different to Alexander III but similar to Provisional gov. who granted universities autonomy

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10
Q

Alexander II - religious policy and toleration

A
  • 70% of population was Orthodox, Orthodoxy played a big part in autocracy so high tolerance
    -> similar to other stars, different to communists who believed in an Atheist state
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11
Q

Alexander III - agriculture

A
  • Peasant Land bank 1883: intended to provide loans for peasants, but high interest rate with low loans
    -> different from other tsars, similar to Stolyopin’s Wager on the strong (Nicholas II) but different intention & reach
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12
Q

Alexander III - industry

A
  • Peasant Land bank 1883: intended to provide loans for peasants, but high interest rate with low loans
    -> different from other tsars, similar to Stolyopin’s Wager on the strong (Nicholas II) but different intention & reach
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13
Q

Alexander III - rural and urban housing and living conditions

A
  • ignorance of rural housing, with the exception of izbas
    -> similar to all tsarist periods, different to Khrushchev’s agrotowns
  • social inequality and revenue housing in urban areas, including high rent with poor conditions
    -> also similar to other tsars, different to the communists who had Kommunalka
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14
Q

Alexander III - rural and urban working conditions

A
  • loopholes in tsarist legislations -> lack of safety due to overcrowded floors and dangerous machinery
    -> similar to tsars as well as communists (ironic)
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15
Q

Alexander III - access to food and famine

A
  • 1891 famine, due to Vyshnegradski’s policies exacerbating the food shortage
    -> similar to Stalin focusing on rebuilding the economy after WW2 instead of on the people
  • substinence farming - similar to all tsars
  • set up a Special Committee on famine relief
    -> Zemtsva in charge of drawing up emergency measurements for famines
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16
Q

Alexander III - changes in population and social structure

A
  • introduction of Land Captains: ‘mini-tsars’, reinforced autocratic and feudal nature of Russia
    -> reinforced the feudal structure present with all the tsars
  • State Peasant Bank 1883: created in an attempt to create a wealthier peasant class
    -> similar to Stolyopin’s wager on the strong 1906: also aimed to create a wealthier class, but the SPB failed, whereas S’s reforms were taken up by a small %
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17
Q

Alexander III - educational reform

A
  • banned lower-class children from going to secondary school
    -> similar to Communists who aimed to improve education as well as Alexander II’s Zemtsva schools
  • got rid of the autonomy of the universities
    -> different to Alexander II who reinstated autonomy to universities
    also different to Provisional gov. who granted universities autonomy
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18
Q

Alexander III - religious policy and toleration

A
  • 70% of population was Orthodox, Orthodoxy played a big part in autocracy so high tolerance
    -> similar to other stars, different to communists who believed in an Atheist state
  • Russification May Laws and 1881-84 Pogroms - against Jewish people
    -> different to Nicholas II’s 1905 edict of toleration and The Prov gov’s 8 principles
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19
Q

Nicholas II - agriculture

A
  • Stolyopin’s Wager on the Strong: redistribution of land to peasants by extending peasant land bank & reducing power of the mir (aimed to create a middle class to support tsar), kulak class, 15% of peasant households was independent from the Mir by 1914. 14hr work days BUT decriminalisation of trade unions
    -> similar to Alexander III’s 1883 Peasant Land bank, but different aim and reach also similar to NEP under Lenin as it allowed privatisation and also to support gov (but step for communism)
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20
Q

Nicholas II - industry

A
  • Witte’s reforms and the ‘Great Spurt’: allowed foreigners to invest in industrial ventures -> industrial income increased to 161 million in 1897, peasants received a 200% increase in direct taxes, 8% GDP growth in 1890s
    -> large industrial growth, similar to Five Year Plans under Stalin and NEP under Lenin
  • collapse of industry in WW1 leading to rampant industrialisation & overpopulated cities
    -> similar to WW2 under Stalin where the industrial output collapsed, but wages increased
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21
Q

Nicholas II - rural and urban housing and living conditions

A
  • ignorance of rural housing, with the exception of izbas
    -> similar to all tsarist periods, different to Khrushchev’s agrotowns
  • social inequality and revenue housing in urban areas, including high rent with poor conditions
    -> also similar to other tsars, different to the communists who had Kommunalka
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22
Q

Nicholas II - rural and urban working conditions

A
  • loopholes in tsarist legislations -> lack of safety due to overcrowded floors and dangerous machinery
    -> similar to tsars as well as communists (ironic)
  • Introduction of workers insurance system in 1903
    -> different to tsars, similar to aims of Communists + PG
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23
Q

Nicholas II - access to food and famine

A
  • food shortages in 1911-1912 dye to crop failure (affected 20 million people)
    -> similar to the whole period due to nature of Russian soil/weather
  • food shortages due to WW1
    -> similar to PG who inherited these problems, as well as food shortages under Stalin in WW2
24
Q

Nicholas II - changes in population and social structure

A
  • Stolyopin’s wager on the strong 1906
    -> similar to State Peasant Bank 1883, also aimed to create a wealthier class, but the SPB failed, whereas S’s reforms were taken up by a small %
  • Rise of a middle class by 1914 and increasing threat to the upper classes
    -> similar to PG seizing the estates of the nobility and Lenin’s Decree on Land which further reduced their power
25
Q

Nicholas II - educational reform

A
  • Education statue of 1908: restructured the system with a more standardised approach (aimed to improve quality)
    -> similar to efforts of Communists to improve education, different to Alexander III
  • universities granted autonomy again
    -> similar to PG (8 principles), different to Alexander III
  • attempts of inclusivity of the lower classes
    -> different to Alexander III, similar to Stalin’s policy of educating peasants (but different outcome)
26
Q

Nicholas II - religious policy and toleration

A
  • 70% of population was Orthodox, Orthodoxy played a big part in autocracy so high tolerance
    -> similar to other stars, different to communists who believed in an Atheist state
  • 1905 Edict of Toleration: extended rights of the Orthodox Christians to other religions
    -> different to tsars AND communsist, similar to PG
27
Q

Prov gov - industry

A
  • Honeymoon phase: managers and factory owners were willing to satisfy the requests of their work force + state monopoly on grain -> but then rapid inflation
    -> similar to Lenin’s State Capitalism in the way that they started well but then flopped
28
Q

Prov gov - rural and urban living conditions

A
  • ignorance of rural housing, with the exception of izbas
    -> similar to all tsarist periods, different to Khrushchev’s agrotowns
  • more focus on housing in towns
    -> similar to communists
29
Q

Prov gov - rural and urban working conditions

A
  • the Soviet: representatives of workers reduced working hours to 8 hours a day
    -> representing workers is much different to both tsars and communists
30
Q

Prov gov - access to food and famine

A
  • inherited issues of WW1, including continued food shortages
    -> similar to Nicholas II & WW1 as well as Stalin & WW2
31
Q

Prov gov - changes in population and social structure

A
  • seized the estates of the nobility, removing their status and power
    -> similar to rise of a middle class by 1914 under Nicholas II and thus increasing threat to the upper classes
32
Q

Prov gov - educational reform

A
  • granted autonomy to universities
    -> similar to Nicholas II and communists ideas surrounding education
33
Q

Prov gov - religious policy and toleration

A
  • complete religious freedom was one of the 8 principles, dropped restrictions of minorities
    -> similar to Nicholas II’s Edict of Toleration
34
Q

Lenin - agriculture

A
  • War Communism: forceful grain requisitioning, banning of private trade to win the war
    -> similar to Collectivisation under Stalin due to the disruption of farming and method of control
35
Q

Lenin - industry

A
  • State Capitalism: nationalisation of industry (except major industries which would remain in private hands)
    -> different to other Communist industrial policies
36
Q

Lenin - rural and urban housing and living conditions

A
  • Kommunalka: seperate apartments with communal areas (after Oct, 1917 rush of people into cities)
    -> norm within Soviet Union, different to tsars
  • ignorance of rural housing, with the exception of izbas
    -> similar to all tsarist periods, different to Khrushchev’s agrotowns
37
Q

Lenin - rural and urban working conditions

A
  • child labour banned in 1922
  • potential to be fined 10% of wages for petty wrongdoings, bonus schemes for extra money
    -> similar to communists and tsars
38
Q

Lenin - access to food and famine

A
  • Civil War and War communism caused a very serious famine
    -> more serious than 1891 but less than Collectivisation, different circumstances but similarity of them being due to weather conditions
39
Q

Lenin - changes in population and social structure

A
  • Decree on Land: reduced power and status of the nobility
    -> similar to Prov gov
  • NEP in 1921 benefitted peasants (despite ‘no social classes’)
    -> similar to Stolyopin’s reforms although different aims
40
Q

Lenin - educational reform

A
  • part of a broader effort to reshape society according to socialist principles
    -> similar to all communists
  • Campaign against literacy (Likbez) and free compulsory education
    -> similar to efforts of Nicholas II & communists, different to other tsars
41
Q

Lenin - religious policy and toleration

A
  • 1918 decree on the seperation of the church from the state
    -> completely different from integrated society with religion with tsars
  • Decree on freedom of conscience: Orthodox church lost its power and land
    -> different to tsars and Prov Gov
42
Q

Stalin - agriculture

A
  • Collectivisation: more efficient farming, by 1942 200% of households were collectivised
    -> similar to serfhood prior to emancipation
43
Q

Stalin - industry

A
  • Five year plan: emphasis on the development of heavy industry -> most industries grew successfully
    -> different to Khrushcev’s focus on light industry, desire for rapid industrialisation similar to all leaders
  • WW2: destruction of industry
    -> similar to industry under Nicholas II and WW1
44
Q

Stalin - rural and urban housing and living conditions

A
  • Kommunalka: seperate apartments with communal areas (after Oct, 1917 rush of people into cities)
    -> norm within Soviet Union, different to tsars
  • ignorance of rural housing, with the exception of izbas
    -> similar to all tsarist periods, different to Khrushchev’s agrotowns
45
Q

Stalin - rural and urban working conditions

A
  • Lots of control over rural workers under Collectivisation
    -> similar to Mir
  • Highest work hours: 10/12 hours
    -> different to Nicholas II, Khrushchev and Prov. Gov
  • potential to be fined 10% of wages for petty wrongdoings, bonus schemes for extra money
    -> similar to communists and tsars
46
Q

Stalin - access to food and famine

A
  • Collectivisation leading to 1932 famine, due to loss of livestock and poor organisation
    -> more serious than 1921 famine and 1891 famine, but all due to similar reasons
  • Post war famine and rationing system
    -> similar to food shortage after WW1 with Prov. Gov
47
Q

Stalin - changes in population and social structure

A
  • Five year plan initially limited population growth but then led to population growth due to security
    -> growth is similar to other periods
48
Q

Stalin - educational reform

A
  • 95% of children enrolled in school
    -> similar to other Communist goals, different to Alexander III
  • Control of the curriculum
    -> different to Prov Gov
49
Q

Stalin - religious policy and toleration

A
  • Godless five year plan: closure of churched, religious leaders killed, concept of god removed
    -> similar to communists, totally different to tsars and Prov gov
  • WWII: many restrictions previously imposed were reversed
    -> change from Stalin
50
Q

Khrushchev - agriculture

A
  • Virgin Land scheme: increased agriculture production, but failure of corn campaign
    -> different to other periods due to its success
  • Labour heavy collective farms
    -> similar to Stalin, but Khrushchev focused on the rural over the urban (different to Stalin)
51
Q

Khrushchev - industry

A
  • Focus on Light industry (7 year plan)
    -> different to other rulers, but similar to Alexander II’s focus on railway construction as only one industry
  • Sovnarkhoz reforms: decentralised power from Gosplan to 105 regional planning agencies
    -> different to Stalin, similar to NEP
52
Q

Khrushchev - rural and urban housing and living conditions

A
  • Khrushchevkas and agrotowns
    -> different to both tsars and communists
53
Q

Khruschev - rural and urban working conditions

A
  • work hours reduced to 7 hours
    -> different to Stalin and tsars, similar to Prov gov
  • potential to be fined 10% of wages for petty wrongdoings, bonus schemes for extra money
    -> similar to communists and tsars
  • tries to incentivise people to move back to countryside
    -> different to other communists
54
Q

Khrushchev - access to food and famine

A
  • Virgin Lands scheme: increased food production
55
Q

Khrushchev - changes in population and social structure

A
  • Increased rural population due to restoration of private enterprise and reduction of rural poverty
    -> aim is similar to tsars
  • wanted to improve people’s quality of life (extension of pension benefits and social assistance, etc..)
    -> different to other rulers
56
Q

Khrushchev - educational reforms

A
  • Focus on rural education
    -> different to other rulers
  • Reforms to de-Stalinise education
57
Q

Khrushchev - religious toleration and policy

A
  • 1958-64 Anti-religious campaign + New moral core to replace bible
    -> similar to other communists, different to tsars and Prov gov

Russia and its Rulers (6 decks)

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