D

Question 1

Data

Answer 1

The result of measurement, usually in quantifiable form; in applied behavior analysis, it refers to measures of some quantifiable dimension of a behavior.

Question 2

Data path

Answer 2

The level and trend of behavior between successive data points; created by drawing a straight line from the center of each data point in a given data set to the center of the next data point in the same set.

Question 3

Delayed multiple baseline design

Answer 3

A variation of the the multiple baseline design in which an initial baseline, and perhaps intervention, are begun for one behavior (or setting, or subject), and subsequent baseline for additional behaviors are begun in a staggered or delayed fashion.

Question 4

Dependent group contingency

Answer 4

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of one member of the group or the behavior of a select group of members within the larger group.

Question 5

Dependent variable

Answer 5

The variable is an experiment measured to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the independent variable; in applied behavior analysis, it represents some measure of a socially significant behavior.

Question 6

Deprivation

Answer 6

The state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer (withholding a person’s access to a reinforcer for a specified period of time prior to a session).

Question 7

Descending baseline

Answer 7

A data path that shows a decreasing trend in the response measure over time.

Question 8

Descriptive Functional Baseline Assessment

Answer 8

Direct observation of problem behavior and the antecedent and consequent events under naturally occurring conditions.

Question 9

Determinism

Answer 9

The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events and not in a willy-nilly, accidental fashion.

Question 10

Differential reinforcement

Answer 10

Reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension(s) (frequency, topography, duration, latency, or magnitude) and placing all other responses in the class on extinction.

Question 11

DRA

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior

Answer 11

A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves as a desirable alternative to the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior.

Question 12

DRD

Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates

Answer 12

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being fewer than a gradually decreasing criterion based on the individual’s performance in previous intervals (fewer than five responses per 5 minutes, fewer than four responses per 5 minutes, fewer than three responses per 5 minutes.

Question 13

DRH

Differential Reinforcement of High Rates

Answer 13

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual’s performance in previous intervals (more that three responses per 5 minutes, more than five responses per 5 minutes, more than eight responses per 5 minutes).

Question 14

DRI

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior

Answer 14

A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that is topographically incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction an withheld following instances of the problem behavior (sitting in seat is incompatible with walking around the room).

Question 15

DRL

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates

Answer 15

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement (a) follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time (IRT), or (b) is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion. Used to decrease the rate of behaviors that occur too frequently but should be maintained in the learner’s repertoire.

Question 16

DRO

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior

Answer 16

A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during or at specific times

Question 17

Direct Measurement

Answer 17

Occurs when the behavior that is measured is the same as the behavior that is the focus of the investigation.

Question 18

Direct Replication

Answer 18

An experiment in which the researcher attempts to duplicate exactly the conditions of an earlier experiment.

Question 19

Discontinuous Measurement

Answer 19

Occurs when the behavior that is measured is the same as the behavior that is the focus of the investigation.

Question 20

Discrete Trial

Answer 20

Any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response. Each discrete response occurs when an opportunity to respond exists.

Question 21

Discriminated Avoidance

Answer 21

A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer

Question 22

Discriminated Operant

Answer 22

An operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others.

Question 23

Discriminated Stimulus

Sd

Answer 23

A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced; this history of differential reinforcement is the reason an Sd increases the momentary frequency of the behavior.

Question 24

Double-blind Control

Answer 24

A procedure that prevents the subject and the observer(s) from detecting the presence or absence of the treatment variable; used to eliminate confounding of results by subject expectations, parent and teacher expectations, differential treatment by others, and observer bias.

Question 25

DRI/DRA Reversal Technique

Answer 25

An experimental technique that demonstrates the effect of reinforcement; it uses differential reinforcement of an incompatible or alternative behavior as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement (baseline) condition. During the DRI/DRA condition, the stimulus change used as reinforcement in the reinforcement condition is presented contingent on occurrences of a specified behavior that is either incompatible with the target behavior or an alternative to the target behavior. A higher level of responding during the reinforcement condition demonstrates that the changes in the behavior are the result of contingent reinforcement, not simply the presentation of or contact with the stimulus event.

Question 26

DRO Reversal Technique

Answer 26

An experimental technique for demonstrating the effect of reinforcement by using differential reinforcement of other behavior as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement (baseline) condition. During the DRO condition, the stimulus change used as reinforcement in the reinforcement condition is presented contingent on the absence of the target behavior for a specified time period. A higher level of responding during the reinforcement condition than during the DRO condition demonstrates that the changes in behavior are the result of contingent reinforcement, not simply the presentation of or contact with the stimulus event.

Question 27

Duration

Answer 27

A measure of the total extent of time in which a behavior occurs.