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Bio 107 > Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are cytoskeletal strands made of?

A

In general, cytoskeletal strands are made of chains of globular protein or bundles of fibrillar protein

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2
Q

What functions does the cytoskeleton serve?

A

Implicated in:
● Cell shape
● Cell division
● Movement
○ of cell contents
○ of the cell

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3
Q

What is GFP?

A

Green fluorescent protein from green fluorescent jellyfish
-used to colour proteins for observation

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4
Q

Function and Superfamiliy

FtsZ

A

Protein of the tubulin superfamily
-forms a band around the midpoint of the cell during division (the “Z ring”)
-creates a strangulation in the cell

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5
Q

What happens if you inhibit FtsZ?

A

Results in filamentous morphology and lysis
- it stretches then eventually breaks
-this is an avenue of research to treat resistant bacteria

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6
Q

Function and Superfamiliy

MreB

A

Protein of the actin superfamily
-Gives rod-shaped bacteria their rod shape
-Probably used as a guiding scaffold in the deposition of new cell wall during growth

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7
Q

Function

RodZ

A

Not actually part of the cytoskeleton

Transmembrane protein that works in conjunction with MreB to shape the Prokaryotic cell; not part of the cytoskeleton but it provides a binding site for MreB

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8
Q

Function and Superfamiliy

ParM

A

Protein of the actin superfamily

Moves plasmids to opposite ends of the cell prior to division
-only for low count plasmids

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9
Q

Function

Crescentin

A

A coiled-coil filamentous protein, bending bacilli into a curved shape

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10
Q

Mobility

A

the cell can move

e.g.: red blood cells (The cell is mobile)

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11
Q

Motility

A

the cell can move by itself

e.g.: Escherichia coli bacteria (The cell is motile)

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12
Q

Flagellum

A

A hollow-tube filament made of self-organising flagellin proteins

A basal apparatus (motor) anchored in the cell wall, protruding into the cytoplasm (in prokaryotes)

  • powered by a H+ gradient

-NOT PART OF THE CYTOSKELETON IN PROKARYOTES

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13
Q

peritrichous

Flagellar Arrangment

A

flagella are all around the perimeter of the cell

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14
Q

Which direction does e-coli rotate its flagellum to “run”

A

Counter-clockwise

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15
Q

Which direction does e-coli rotate its flagellum to “tumble”

A

Clockwise

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16
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement directed by the concentration gradient of chemicals

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17
Q

Type IV pili

A

Retractile protein filaments that move the cell like a grappling hook or Spiderman’s web

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18
Q

Archaea flagella

A

Shorter and simpler in structure than bacterial flagella

Archaeal flagellin is similar to the type IV pilin of bacteria
-Powered by ATP
-Uncertain as to how the motor is constructed

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19
Q

Periplasmic flagella

A

Known also as axial filaments
-Found in spirochaetes
-They are “external” structures: internal to the outer membrane, but external to the plasma membrane
-They make the entire cell rotate in a corkscrew motion

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20
Q

What are the 3 classes of cytoskeletal fibres in Eukaryotes

A

-Microtubules (tubulin family)
-Microfilaments (actin family)
-Intermediate Filaments

21
Q

Microtubules (polarity and family)

A

(tubulin family)
○ Polar (directional)
○ Globular monomers

22
Q

Microfilaments (polarity and family)

A

(actin family)
○ Polar (directional)
○ Globular monomers

23
Q

Intermediate Filaments (polarity)

A

○ Apolar
○ Filamentous monomers

24
Q

What are microtubules (MTs) made of?

A

Hollow tubes made of tubulin heterodimers
-Stiff structural tubes
-resists compressive forces

They move cell contents and also the cell

25
Q

Are microtubules involved in transport?

A

Microtubules serve as tracks for vesicle transport

Motor proteins attach to both the microtubules and a cargo to transport it along to a specific destination

26
Q

Are motor proteins polar?

A

Yes

27
Q

Which end does it move towards and what type of transport is it

Kinesin

A

moves toward the positive end (anterograde transport)
- ATP powered

28
Q

Which end does it move towards and what type of transport is it

Dynein

A

moves toward the negative end (retrograde transport)
- ATP Powered

29
Q

What are Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are made of? What is their configuration?

A

They are made of microtubules

Both structures are ATP-powered and share the same configuration.
-Basal body: 9 triplets, no central tubule (9+0)
-Motile portion: 9 doublets, 2 central tubules (9+2)

30
Q

Basal body configuration

Flagella

A

9 triplets, no central tubule (9+0)

31
Q

Motile portion configuration

Flagella

A

9 doublets, 2 central tubules (9+2)

32
Q

Does Eukaryotic cilia and flagella have the same structure?

A

Yes, but their size and movement are different

Flagellum: undulates side to side (think flutter kick)
Cilium: beats asymmetrically (think whip kick)

33
Q

What radiates from Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)

A

Microtubules

(the centrosome functions as the MTOC in many eukaryotic cells)

34
Q

Which class of cytoskeletal fibre guides chromosomes during mitosis?

A

Microtubules

Microtubules are part of the spindle apparatus (cell division lectures)

35
Q

Microfilament monomer

A

G-actin is the protein monomer of microfilaments

Think globular actin

36
Q

Microfilament polymer

A

G-actin is polymerized into F-actin to form filaments

Think filamentous actin

37
Q

Basic functions of microfilaments

A

● Microfilaments provide tensile strength to various parts of the cell
● They help shape the cell
● They provide movement to
the cell and to the cell membrane

38
Q

What superfamily are microfilaments?

A

actin filaments

39
Q

Does F-actin formation require ATP?

A

yes

40
Q

What supports microvilli on intestinal cells internally

A

Microfilaments

41
Q

Which system is used for cell motion and muscle contraction?

A

An actin-myosin system

42
Q

Amoeboid movement

A

The most common type of “crawling” movement in Eukaryotes is likely driven by actin filaments and myosins pulling on them, forming pseudopodia

43
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

an actin-myosin system
-cell contents circulate throughout the cell
-common in plant cells

44
Q

Can some bacteria manipulate the actin-based cytoskeleton?

A

Yes

Ehrlichia chaffeensis
(Gram-negative) “hijacks” the cytoskeleton of neutrophils to find other neutrophils for infection
-like zombies

45
Q

Intermediate filaments (IFs)

A

Large family of more than 50 proteins

They twist to form cable-like structures of very high tensile strength

They help toughen parts of the cell and to morph the cell into a specific shape

Animal-only structure!

46
Q

What are desmosome fibers are made of?

A

Desmosome fibers are made of keratin, an IF protein

47
Q

What is made of extracellular keratin IFs?

A

Extracellular keratin forms tough structures like claws, horns, beaks, feathers, hair, nails, etc.

48
Q

Lamin

A

the protein that forms the nuclear lamina
-a type of IF

49
Q

What moves the flagellum and how does it do it

A

Dyneins move the flagellum

Dyneins attached to a neighbouring doublet “walk” on the surface of the microtubule facing it

Bio 107 (5 decks)

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