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CMB LEC > Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

determine the shape of the cell’s surface and are necessary for whole-cell locomotion

form many types of cell-surface projections like lamellipodia and filopodia that cells use to explore territory and move around

A

actin filaments

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2
Q

determine the positions of membrane-enclosed organelles, direct intracellular transport, and form the mitotic spindle that segregates chromosomes during cell division

form cilia, which function as motile whips or sensory devices on the surface of the cell

can quickly rearrange themselves to form a bipolar mitotic spindle during cell division

A

Microtubules

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3
Q

What is the monomer of actin filament?

A

actin

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4
Q

What is the monomer of microtubules?

A

tubulin

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5
Q

provide mechanical strength

line the inner face of the nuclear envelope, forming a protective cage for the cell’s DNA

A

intermediate filaments

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6
Q

hold epithelial cell sheets together or help nerve cells to extend long and robust axons, and they allow us to form tough appendages such as hair and fingernails

A

intermediate filaments

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7
Q

another word for actin subunits

A

Globular (G) - actin

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8
Q

homolog of tubulin:

which can polymerize into filaments and assemble into a ring; important for cell division and cell fission

A

FtsZ

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9
Q

homologs of actin:

assemble to form dynamic patches that move circumferentially along the length of the cell; contribute to cell shape by serving as a scaffold to direct the synthesis of the peptidoglycan cell wall

A

MreB and Mbl

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10
Q

Bacterial homologs of actin:

carry genes responsible for antibiotic resistance and cause the spread of multidrug resistance in epidemics; and ParR proteins important for segregation

A

ParM

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11
Q

Combination of end-to-end are seen in _____ and ____

A

actin and microtubule

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12
Q

combination of subunit in side-to-side are seen in ______

A

intermediate filaments

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13
Q

What type of actin are expressed only in muscle cells?

A

α-Actin

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14
Q

β- and γ-actins are found together in almost all _____

A

non- muscle cells

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15
Q

What do you call to the slower-growing end of the actin filament?

A

minus end or pointed end

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16
Q

What do you call to the faster-growing end of the actin filament?

A

plus end or barbed end

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17
Q

what do you call to the aggregation of 3 actin subunit to start the elongation?

A

nucleus

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18
Q

What happens in nucleation process?

A

actin monomers forming 3 (nucleus)

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19
Q

What happens in actin polymerization process?

A

elongation of actin filament

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20
Q

What happens in actin treadmilling?

A

elongation at the same time some loose in the negative end

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21
Q

are fungal products that prevent actin polymerization by binding to the plus end of actin filaments.

A

Cytochalasins

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22
Q

prevents actin polymerization by binding to actin subunits.

A

Latrunculin

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23
Q

toxins isolated from the Amanita mushroom that bind tightly all along the side of actin filaments and stabilize them against depolymerization

A

Phalloidins

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24
Q

prevent the actin filament from interacting with other proteins

important in the control of muscle contraction

A

Tropomyosin

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25
Q

function in the capping of exceptionally long-lived actin filaments in muscle, binds tightly to the minus ends of actin filaments that have been coated and thereby stabilized by tropomyosin

A

Tropomodulin

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26
Q

actin-severing proteins (breaks the filament)

are activated by high levels of cytosolic Ca2+

Binds to the side of the filament

A

Gelsolin

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27
Q

actin-filament destabilizing protein found in Eukaryotes

Cut actin filament
binds along the length of the actin filament, forcing the filament to twist a little more tightly (twisting)

A

Cofilin (actin depolymerizing factor)

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28
Q

is the motor protein that enables stress fibers and other contractile arrays to contract

A

Myosin II

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29
Q

Causes the very close packing of actin filaments that exclude myosin

Binds actin filaments together

A

Fimbrin (straight)

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30
Q

polarized actin filaments into loose bundles, allowing the binding of myosin and formation of contractile actin bundles

A

Α-actinin (straight)

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31
Q

Organizes a network actin in the brain

promotes the formation of a loose and highly viscous gel by clamping together two actin filaments roughly at right angles

A

Filamin

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32
Q

Web forming protein

allowing the red blood cell to spring back to its original shape after squeezing through a capillary

important in worms

A

Spectrin

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33
Q

Protein that ables to move

A

Myosin II

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34
Q

Composed of actin and myosin

A

Myofibrils

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35
Q

Largest protein in the human body

A

Titin

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36
Q

Important for movement within a cell because it moves continuously along the actin filament so parang asa tight rope sya ganern

A

Myosin V

37
Q

carry a wide range of cargoes— including mRNA, endoplasmic reticulum, and secretory vesicles

A

Myosin V

38
Q

Made of microtubule dimers (alpha and beta tubulin; that are bounded by GTP)

A

Microtubules

39
Q

What are the subunit of microtubules?

A

alpha and beta tubulin

40
Q

What does plus end of microtubule do?

A

Exposed here is the B- tubulin

Growing and shrinking

41
Q

What does the minus end of the microtubule do?

A

Exposed here is the a- tubulin

42
Q

What are the 2 types of microtubule?

A

D form : one with GDP

T form : one with GTP

43
Q

interact with tubulin subunits and lead to microtubule depolymerization

A

colchicine and nocodazole

44
Q

binds to and stabilizes microtubules, causing a net increase in tubulin polymerization

A

Taxol

45
Q

Location for microtubules that are nucleated where y- tubulin is most enriched

A

microtubule-organizing center (MTOC)

46
Q

The location of the microtubule in animal cell is located in _____

A

centrosomes

47
Q

What do you call to the proteins that bind to microtubules?

A

microtubule-associated proteins, or MAPs.

48
Q

Type of MAP

determine the organization spaces of the microtubule

long projecting domain, form bundles of stable microtubules that are kept widely spaced

A

MAP 2

49
Q

Type of MAP:

shorter projecting domain, form bundles of more closely packed microtubules

Associate with Alzheimer’s disease

A

Tau

50
Q

known as catastrophe factors bind to microtubule ends leads to shrinking

A

Kinesin 13

51
Q

protects microtubule minus ends from the effects of catastrophe factors

A

Nezha or Patronin

52
Q

suppressed catastrophe and keeps growing rather than shrinking

A

XMAP215

53
Q

Binds tubulin dimers and prevents their addition to the ends of microtubules

result in shrinking

A

Stathmin (or Op18)

54
Q

contribute to the rapid microtubule depolymerization observed at the poles of spindles during mitosis

A

Katanin

55
Q

CLASS OF MOTOR :
walking toward the plus end of microtubules

organelles from the axon to nerve terminals

A

Kinesin-1

56
Q

CLASS OF MOTOR :
moves towards the negative- end

highly specialized for the rapid and efficient sliding movements of microtubules that drive the beating of cilia and flagella

required continuously for neuronal function

A

Dynein

57
Q

allows Dynein to move along microtubule in negative direction in order to transport vesicle within the cell

A

Dynactin Complex

58
Q

Where does cilia and flagella structures built from?

A

microtubules and dynein

59
Q

Where does myofibrils machine built from?

A

actin and myosin filaments

60
Q

What do you call to the bending core of cilia and flagella for their movement?

A

axoneme

61
Q

found on sperm and many protozoa

enable the cells to which they are attached to swim through liquid media

Undulating motion

A

Flagella

62
Q

Whip-like motion

line our respiratory tract, sweeping layers of mucus, trapped particles of dust, and bacteria up to the mouth where they are swallowed and ultimately eliminated

A

Cilia

63
Q

nonmotile counterpart of cilia and flagella

they sense and respond to the exterior environment, functions best understood in the context of smell and sight

A

Primary cilia

64
Q

Microtubule-organizing centers (MOC) such as _______ protect the minus ends of microtubules and continually nucleate the formation of new microtubules.

A

centrosomes

65
Q

proteins that stabilize microtubules

A

Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)

66
Q

Counteracting the stabilizing activity of MAPs

“catastrophe factors”

A

kinesin-13 proteins

67
Q

moves toward the minus end of microtubules, and its sliding of axonemal microtubules underlies the beating of cilia and flagella.

A

motor dynein

68
Q

nonmotile sensory organs found on many cell types

A

primary cilia

69
Q

Common structure is the coiled-coil which is a multi-strand rope

A

intermediate filaments

70
Q

monomers connect ______ in intermediate filaments

A

side to side

71
Q

most diverse intermediate filament family and held together by disulfide bonds

A

keratins

72
Q

Bundle of keratin filaments that gives outermost layers of skin

mutation leads to eczema

A

Filaggrin

73
Q

second family of intermediate filaments

high concentrations along the axons of vertebrate neurons

A

Neurofilaments

74
Q

third family of intermediate filaments

A

vimentin-like filaments (Desmin)

75
Q

intermediate filament network is linked to the rest of the cytoskeleton by members of a family of proteins called ______

A

plakins

76
Q

links the intermediate filaments to microtubules, actin filament bundles, and filaments of the motor protein myosin II

A

Plakins (example Plectin)

77
Q

connects the nuclear and cytoplasmic cytoskeletons

A

SUN and KASH proteins

78
Q

proteins bind to the nuclear lamina or chromosomes

A

SUN

79
Q

proteins bind directly to actin filaments and indirectly to microtubules and intermediate filaments

A

KASH

80
Q

Important to regulate cell polarity

block the movement of proteins from one side of the bud neck to the other, thereby concentrating cell growth preferentially within the bud (mother).

In animal cells, septins function in cell division, migration, and vesicle trafficking

A

Septin

81
Q

tissue-specific forms of intermediate filaments in epithelial cells

A

keratin

82
Q

tissue-specific forms of intermediate filaments in nerve cells

A

neurofilaments

83
Q

tissue-specific forms of intermediate filaments in muscle cells

A

Desmin

84
Q

Contain all of the machinery required for cell motility

A

Lamellipodia

85
Q

degrade the extracellular matrix, which requires the delivery of vesicles containing matrix-degrading proteases.

A

Invadopodia

86
Q

act as molecular switches that cycle between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state

promotes bundling of actin filaments and clustering of integrins

A

Rho Protein

87
Q

promotes actin polymerization at the cell periphery, leading to the formation of sheetlike lamellipodial extensions

A

Rac Protein

88
Q

expressed only in blood cells and immune system cells

A

WASp Protein

89
Q

movement of a cell toward or away from a source of some diffusible chemical.

Example is neutrophil that moves toward a source of bacterial infection

A

chemotaxis

CMB LEC (2 decks)

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