Cell Death or Apoptosis

Question 1

swell and burst, spilling their contents over their neighbors and eliciting an inflammatory response

Answer 1

Necrotic cells

Question 2

One form of necrosis is a form of programmed cell death that is triggered by a specific regulatory signal from other cells

Answer 2

Necroptosis

Question 3

Form of programmed cell death, Involves cell shrinkage, Loss of adhesion to other cells, Dissection of chromatin, Engulfment by phagocytosis

Mediated by caspases

Answer 3

Apoptosis

Question 4

What species does apoptosis first found?

Answer 4

C. elegans

Question 5

Why do we need to have Apoptosis?

Answer 5

Eliminates unwanted cells

Embryonic development to form structure

Eliminate abnormal, nonfunctional and dangerous cells

Question 6

Master regulator for cell cycle protection

Triggering cell death

Answer 6

P53

Question 7

functions like a proteins scissors

Answer 7

caspases

Question 8

Example of caspases in C. elegans

Answer 8

CED-3

Question 9

Example of Caspases in Drosophila

Answer 9

DronC

DrlCE

Dcp-1

Question 10

Example of Caspases in Mammals

Answer 10

Caspase-9
Caspase-3
Caspase-7

Question 11

two major classes of apoptotic caspases

Answer 11

Initiator caspase

Executioner caspase

Question 12

major function of initiator caspases

Answer 12

activate the executioner caspases

Question 13

One initiator caspase complex can activate many executioner caspases, resulting in an amplifying proteolytic cascade

TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

What does executioner caspases do once activated?

Answer 14

catalyze the widespread protein cleavage events that kill the cell

Question 15

What are two pathways for cell death?

Answer 15

Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway (triggered by outside) and Intrinsic (triggered by events inside) in mammals

Question 16

what happened when there is an activation of Caspase 8 or Caspase 9?

Answer 16

activates Executioner Caspases and triggers APOPTOSIS by cutting all proteins in dying cells

Question 17

what are target proteins that are cut up when there is an Apoptosis?

Answer 17

Nuclear lamins (intermediate filaments); mutation here leads to aging
Protein kinases (ex. Focal adhesion kinase): cause cell detachments
Proteins of the cytoskeleton
Caspase activated DNase called CAD
-CAD startup cutting the DNA

Question 18

Receptor present in extrinsic pathway that activates initiator caspase and leads to executioner caspase activation

Answer 18

TNF and Fas death receptor

Question 19

Death receptor containing an extracellular ligand-binding domain which is required for the receptors to activate the apoptotic program

Answer 19

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor

Question 20

Fas ligand that activate death receptors and thereby trigger the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

Anti-apoptotic protein

Suppresses caspase-8 in DISC and caspase-10 activation

Answer 21

FLIP

Question 22

what makes the mitochondria porous or may mga holes and the cytochrome c which is normally seen in the mitochondria will trigger initiator caspase and trigger the death of a cell

Answer 22

BAX and BAK

Question 23

Key protein; When released into the cytosol, it binds to an adaptor protein called Apaf1 (apoptotic protease activating factor-1)

Answer 23

Cytochrome C

Question 24

recruit initiator caspase-9 proteins, which are thought to be activated by proximity in the apoptosome, just as caspase-8 is activated in the DISC

Answer 24

Apaf1

Question 25

proteins regulate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

Answer 25

Bcl2

Question 26

suppress apoptosis when expressed in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans

Answer 26

Bcl2

Question 27

controlling the release of cytochrome c and other intermembrane mitochondrial proteins into the cytosol

Answer 27

Bcl2

Question 28

Three classes of Bcl2

Answer 28

Anti- apoptotic BCL-2 Proteins
Pro-apoptotic BCL-2 Proteins
Pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein

Question 29

type of Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins that bind to Bak and prevent it from oligomerization, thereby inhibiting the release of cytochrome c and other intermembrane proteins

Answer 29

Bcl2 and BclXL

Question 30

Class of Bcl2 that inhibit apoptosis by blocking the release

Answer 30

Anti- apoptotic BCL-2 Proteins

Question 31

promote apoptosis by enhancing the release

Answer 31

Pro-apoptotic BCL-2 Proteins

Question 32

example of Pro-apoptotic BCL-2 Proteins

Answer 32

BAK and BAX : similar to Bcl2 but lack the BH4 domain

Question 33

bound to the mitochondrial outer membrane even in the absence of an apoptotic signal

Answer 33

BAK

Question 34

mainly located in the cytosol and translocate to the mitochondria only after an apoptotic signal activates it

Answer 34

BAX

Question 35

class of Bcl2: homology with Bcl2 in only the BH3 domain and promote apoptosis mainly by inhibiting anti-apoptotic Bcl2 family

Answer 35

Pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein

Question 36

Holes na kung saan lumabas si cytochrome c that trigger apoptosis

Answer 36

MOMP (Mitochondrial outer membrane permeability pore )

Question 37

ALSO REGULATE APOPTOSIS THAT HELPS CONTROL CASPASES

Answer 37

INHIBITOR OF APOPTOSIS PROTEINS (IAP) AND ANTI-IAP PROTEINS

Question 38

Function of caspases

Answer 38

cuts proteins that leads to apoptosis

Question 39

bind to IAPs to prevent their binding to caspases

Answer 39

Anti- IAP proteins

Question 40

Nerve cells that receive enough survival signals live, while the others die

TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

______ inhibits apoptosis

Answer 41

survival factor such as anti- apoptotic Bcl2

Question 42

the apoptotic cell and its fragments do not break open and release their contents, but instead remain intact as they are efficiently eaten.. this process is called ____

Answer 42

phagocytosed

Question 43

Either Excessive or Insufficient Apoptosis Can Contribute to Disease

TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 43

TRUE