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Histology 2ndYR 1st Sem Prelims > Cytoplasm pt.2 - pt.4 > Flashcards

Cytoplasm pt.2 - pt.4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell

A

Endocytosis

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2
Q

Type of endocytosis where the material engulfed is a solid particle

A

Phagocytosis

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3
Q

Type of Endocytosis where the material engulfed is fluid by nature

A

Pinocytosis

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4
Q

Pinocytosis is also known as?

A

Cell Drinking

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5
Q

Type of Endocytosis where the material will only be engulfed and enclosed if the material will bind with a receptor

A

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

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6
Q

Help mediate the liberation of the clathrin-coated vesicle from the plasma memberame

A

Dynamin

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7
Q

Membrane bound organelle associated with the endocytotic pathways

A

Endosomes

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8
Q

Sorts out and recycles proteins internalized from the endocytotic pathways

A

Endosomes

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9
Q

Type of Endosome

  • Found near the cell membrane
  • First to interact with the endocytotic vesicle
A

Early Endosomes

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10
Q

Type of Endosome

  • Found deeper than the early endosome
  • receives the vesicles originating from the early endosome
A

Late Endosomes

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11
Q

Also known as Prelysosome

A

Late Endosome

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12
Q

Matures into Lysosomes

A

Late Endosomes

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13
Q

Site for Intracellular Digestion and turnover of cellular components

A

Lysosomes

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14
Q

Mature form of late endosomes

A

Lysosomes

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15
Q

What do you call the inner foldings inside the mitochondria

A

Cristae

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16
Q

The Mitochondria is most abundant where

A

Cardiac Muscles & Kidney Tubules

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17
Q

Products of the Kreb Cycles

A

FADH2 & NADH

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18
Q

Aside from ATP Production, what are the other functions of the mitochondria?

A
  1. Synthesis of Steroid Hormones
  2. Beta Oxidation of fatty acids
  3. Initiator of Apoptosis
  4. Synthesis of reactive oxygen species
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19
Q

What do you call programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

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20
Q

Breaks down excess hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O2

A

Peroxisomes

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21
Q

What enzymes do peroxisomes contain?

A

Catalase Enzymes

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22
Q

Peroxisomes are involved in ____________ of very long fatty acid chains

A

Beta Oxidation

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23
Q

Peroxisomes aid in the synthesis of __________ for the synthesis of myelin sheath

A

Plasmalogen

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24
Q

Are made of specific sequences of amino acids

A

Proteins

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25
________ will determine the proper sequence of amino acids to form a certain protein
Genes
26
DNA (Gene) is copied in the form of mRNA in the nucleus
Transcription
27
mRNA codes are read in the ribosomes for protein synthesis
Translation
28
The _______ will be the one to go out of the nucleus to interact with the ribosome in order to form specific proteins
mRNA
29
Endoplasmic Reticulum that has ribosomes
Rough ER
30
Endoplasmic Reticulum that functions to produce proteins
Rough ER
31
Endoplasmic Reticulum that is continuous with the nuclear membrane
Rough ER
32
Series of interconnected sacs found within the ER
Cisternae / Cisterns
33
Shape of the Cisterns in the RER
Saccular
34
Shape of the cisterns in the SER
Tubular
35
All proteins (except for antibodies) are produced where?
Liver
36
Identify: 1. Are Protein producing cells 2. Has abundant RER and SER
Hepatocytes
37
Endoplasmic Reticulum that are devoid of ribosomes
Smooth ER
38
Endoplasmic Reticulum that functions in Lipid Synthesis
Smooth ER
39
Endoplasmic Reticulum that functions in drug & alcohol metabolism
Smooth ER
40
Endoplasmic Reticulum that functions to sequester calcium in the muscles
Smooth ER
41
Modifies, stores, and packages proteins synthesized from the RER
Golgi Apparatus
42
The Cis Face of the Golgi Apparatus faces where?
RER
43
The Trans Face of the Golgi Apparatus faces where?
Exit for packaged proteins
44
Which type of Pathway in the Golgi Apparatus: Proteins are packed into transport vesicles and are constantly released out side the cell with out the need for any stimuli
Constitutive Pathway
45
Which type of pathway in the Golgi Apparatus? Proteins are packed into secretory vesicles which are then stored temporarily Will only be released with the presence of a stimuli
Regulated Pathway
46
Which type of protein pathway? RER > Golgi Apparatus > Else where
Anterograde (forward) Pathway
47
Which type of protein pathway? RER > Golgi Apparatus > back to RER
Retrograde Pathway
48
Protein complexes that coats membrane bound transport vesicles
Coatomers
49
Two types of Coatomers
Coatomer Protein I (COP I) Coatomer Protein II (COP II)
50
Type of COP the mediates retrograde pathway
COP I
51
Type of COP that mediates anterograde pathway
COP II
52
Small and abundant protein complexes present in the cytoplasm that: - Degrades denatured and non-functional polypeptides - Removes proteins no longer needed by the cells
Proteasome
53
Two non-membranous cylindrical structure composed of microtubules
Centrioles
54
Centrioles are composed of how many triplets of microtubules?
9
55
Centrioles are composed of one pair, which are arranged at a ___________ with each other
Right Angle
56
Centrioles produces __________________ during cell division
Mitotic spindle fibers
57
Protein polymers that determine the shapes of cells
Cytoskeleton
58
Plays an important role in the movements of organelles and cytoplasmic vesicles as well as in the movements of entire cells
Cytoskeleton
59
3 components of the cytoskeleton
1. Microfilaments 2. Intermediate Filaments 3. Microtubules
60
Subunit of microfilaments
G-actin monomers
61
Diameter of Microfilaments
5-7nm
62
Which of the 3 cytoskeleton components is the thinnest/smallest
Microfilaments
63
Monomeric proteins of Microfilaments
Globular G-actin
64
Relative stability of Microfilaments
Dynamic
65
Polarity of Microfilaments
Positive and negative ends
66
Structure of Microfilaments
Two intertwined filaments of F-actin
67
Key functions of which cytoskeletal component: 1. Contract and move cells 2. Change cell shape 3. Cytokinesis 4. Cytoplasmic Transport and Streaming
Microfilaments
68
General Locations of which cytoskeletal component: 1. Concentrated beneath cell membrane 2. Cell extension (microvili)
Microfilaments
69
Subunits of Intermediate Filaments
Antiparallel tetramers of two rod-like dimers
70
Diameter of Intermediate Filaments
8-10nm
71
Monomeric proteins of Intermediate Filaments
Various a-helical rod-like proteins
72
Polarity of Intermediate Filaments
No apparent polarity
73
Relative stability of Intermediate Filaments
Stable
74
General Locations of which cytoskeletal component: 1. Arrayed throughout cytoplasm 2. Desmosomes 3. Inside Nuclear Envelope
Intermediate Filaments
75
Key functions of which cytoskeletal component: 1. Strengthen cell and tissue structure 2. Maintain cell shape 3. Maintain nuclear shape
Intermediate Filaments
76
Subunit of Microtubules
Heterodimers of aB-tubulin
77
Overall structure of Microtubules
Hollow tube with a wall of 13 parallel protofilaments
78
Diameter of Microtubules
25nm
79
Thickest or biggest Cytoskeletal component
Microtubules
80
Monomeric proteins of Microtubules
a and B tubulin
81
Polarity of Microtubules
Positive and negative ends
82
Relative stability of Microtubules
- Dynamic (in the cytoplasm) - Stable (in axonemes)
83
General locations of which cytoskeletal component: 1. Radiating through cytoplasm (from concentration of centrosomes) 2. Axonemes
Microtubules
84
Key functions of which cytoskeletal component: 1. Maintain cell’s shape and polarity 2. Provide tracks for organelle and chromosome movement 3. Moves Cillia and Flagella
Microtubules

Histology 2ndYR 1st Sem Prelims (7 decks)

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