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Histology 2ndYR 1st Sem Prelims > Cytoplasm pt.2 - pt.4 > Flashcards

Cytoplasm pt.2 - pt.4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell

A

Endocytosis

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2
Q

Type of endocytosis where the material engulfed is a solid particle

A

Phagocytosis

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3
Q

Type of Endocytosis where the material engulfed is fluid by nature

A

Pinocytosis

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4
Q

Pinocytosis is also known as?

A

Cell Drinking

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5
Q

Type of Endocytosis where the material will only be engulfed and enclosed if the material will bind with a receptor

A

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

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6
Q

Help mediate the liberation of the clathrin-coated vesicle from the plasma memberame

A

Dynamin

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7
Q

Membrane bound organelle associated with the endocytotic pathways

A

Endosomes

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8
Q

Sorts out and recycles proteins internalized from the endocytotic pathways

A

Endosomes

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9
Q

Type of Endosome

  • Found near the cell membrane
  • First to interact with the endocytotic vesicle
A

Early Endosomes

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10
Q

Type of Endosome

  • Found deeper than the early endosome
  • receives the vesicles originating from the early endosome
A

Late Endosomes

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11
Q

Also known as Prelysosome

A

Late Endosome

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12
Q

Matures into Lysosomes

A

Late Endosomes

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13
Q

Site for Intracellular Digestion and turnover of cellular components

A

Lysosomes

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14
Q

Mature form of late endosomes

A

Lysosomes

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15
Q

What do you call the inner foldings inside the mitochondria

A

Cristae

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16
Q

The Mitochondria is most abundant where

A

Cardiac Muscles & Kidney Tubules

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17
Q

Products of the Kreb Cycles

A

FADH2 & NADH

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18
Q

Aside from ATP Production, what are the other functions of the mitochondria?

A
  1. Synthesis of Steroid Hormones
  2. Beta Oxidation of fatty acids
  3. Initiator of Apoptosis
  4. Synthesis of reactive oxygen species
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19
Q

What do you call programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

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20
Q

Breaks down excess hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O2

A

Peroxisomes

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21
Q

What enzymes do peroxisomes contain?

A

Catalase Enzymes

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22
Q

Peroxisomes are involved in ____________ of very long fatty acid chains

A

Beta Oxidation

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23
Q

Peroxisomes aid in the synthesis of __________ for the synthesis of myelin sheath

A

Plasmalogen

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24
Q

Are made of specific sequences of amino acids

A

Proteins

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25
Q

________ will determine the proper sequence of amino acids to form a certain protein

A

Genes

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26
Q

DNA (Gene) is copied in the form of mRNA in the nucleus

A

Transcription

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27
Q

mRNA codes are read in the ribosomes for protein synthesis

A

Translation

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28
Q

The _______ will be the one to go out of the nucleus to interact with the ribosome in order to form specific proteins

A

mRNA

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29
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum that has ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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30
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum that functions to produce proteins

A

Rough ER

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31
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum that is continuous with the nuclear membrane

A

Rough ER

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32
Q

Series of interconnected sacs found within the ER

A

Cisternae / Cisterns

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33
Q

Shape of the Cisterns in the RER

A

Saccular

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34
Q

Shape of the cisterns in the SER

A

Tubular

35
Q

All proteins (except for antibodies) are produced where?

A

Liver

36
Q

Identify:

  1. Are Protein producing cells
  2. Has abundant RER and SER
A

Hepatocytes

37
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum that are devoid of ribosomes

A

Smooth ER

38
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum that functions in Lipid Synthesis

A

Smooth ER

39
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum that functions in drug & alcohol metabolism

A

Smooth ER

40
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum that functions to sequester calcium in the muscles

A

Smooth ER

41
Q

Modifies, stores, and packages proteins synthesized from the RER

A

Golgi Apparatus

42
Q

The Cis Face of the Golgi Apparatus faces where?

A

RER

43
Q

The Trans Face of the Golgi Apparatus faces where?

A

Exit for packaged proteins

44
Q

Which type of Pathway in the Golgi Apparatus:

Proteins are packed into transport vesicles and are constantly released out side the cell with out the need for any stimuli

A

Constitutive Pathway

45
Q

Which type of pathway in the Golgi Apparatus?

Proteins are packed into secretory vesicles which are then stored temporarily

Will only be released with the presence of a stimuli

A

Regulated Pathway

46
Q

Which type of protein pathway?

RER > Golgi Apparatus > Else where

A

Anterograde (forward) Pathway

47
Q

Which type of protein pathway?

RER > Golgi Apparatus > back to RER

A

Retrograde Pathway

48
Q

Protein complexes that coats membrane bound transport vesicles

A

Coatomers

49
Q

Two types of Coatomers

A

Coatomer Protein I (COP I)

Coatomer Protein II (COP II)

50
Q

Type of COP the mediates retrograde pathway

A

COP I

51
Q

Type of COP that mediates anterograde pathway

A

COP II

52
Q

Small and abundant protein complexes present in the cytoplasm that:

  • Degrades denatured and non-functional polypeptides
  • Removes proteins no longer needed by the cells
A

Proteasome

53
Q

Two non-membranous cylindrical structure composed of microtubules

A

Centrioles

54
Q

Centrioles are composed of how many triplets of microtubules?

A

9

55
Q

Centrioles are composed of one pair, which are arranged at a ___________ with each other

A

Right Angle

56
Q

Centrioles produces __________________ during cell division

A

Mitotic spindle fibers

57
Q

Protein polymers that determine the shapes of cells

A

Cytoskeleton

58
Q

Plays an important role in the movements of organelles and cytoplasmic vesicles as well as in the movements of entire cells

A

Cytoskeleton

59
Q

3 components of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate Filaments
  3. Microtubules
60
Q

Subunit of microfilaments

A

G-actin monomers

61
Q

Diameter of Microfilaments

A

5-7nm

62
Q

Which of the 3 cytoskeleton components is the thinnest/smallest

A

Microfilaments

63
Q

Monomeric proteins of Microfilaments

A

Globular G-actin

64
Q

Relative stability of Microfilaments

A

Dynamic

65
Q

Polarity of Microfilaments

A

Positive and negative ends

66
Q

Structure of Microfilaments

A

Two intertwined filaments of F-actin

67
Q

Key functions of which cytoskeletal component:

  1. Contract and move cells
  2. Change cell shape
  3. Cytokinesis
  4. Cytoplasmic Transport and Streaming
A

Microfilaments

68
Q

General Locations of which cytoskeletal component:

  1. Concentrated beneath cell membrane
  2. Cell extension (microvili)
A

Microfilaments

69
Q

Subunits of Intermediate Filaments

A

Antiparallel tetramers of two rod-like dimers

70
Q

Diameter of Intermediate Filaments

A

8-10nm

71
Q

Monomeric proteins of Intermediate Filaments

A

Various a-helical rod-like proteins

72
Q

Polarity of Intermediate Filaments

A

No apparent polarity

73
Q

Relative stability of Intermediate Filaments

A

Stable

74
Q

General Locations of which cytoskeletal component:

  1. Arrayed throughout cytoplasm
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Inside Nuclear Envelope
A

Intermediate Filaments

75
Q

Key functions of which cytoskeletal component:

  1. Strengthen cell and tissue structure
  2. Maintain cell shape
  3. Maintain nuclear shape
A

Intermediate Filaments

76
Q

Subunit of Microtubules

A

Heterodimers of aB-tubulin

77
Q

Overall structure of Microtubules

A

Hollow tube with a wall of 13 parallel protofilaments

78
Q

Diameter of Microtubules

A

25nm

79
Q

Thickest or biggest Cytoskeletal component

A

Microtubules

80
Q

Monomeric proteins of Microtubules

A

a and B tubulin

81
Q

Polarity of Microtubules

A

Positive and negative ends

82
Q

Relative stability of Microtubules

A
  • Dynamic (in the cytoplasm)
  • Stable (in axonemes)
83
Q

General locations of which cytoskeletal component:

  1. Radiating through cytoplasm (from concentration of centrosomes)
  2. Axonemes
A

Microtubules

84
Q

Key functions of which cytoskeletal component:

  1. Maintain cell’s shape and polarity
  2. Provide tracks for organelle and chromosome movement
  3. Moves Cillia and Flagella
A

Microtubules

Histology 2ndYR 1st Sem Prelims (7 decks)

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