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RUSVM Clin Path > Cytology of Solid Tissues > Flashcards

Cytology of Solid Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

types of cytologic samples

A

fluids

needle aspirates

solid tissue imprints

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2
Q

advantages of cytology to clinician/practitioner

A

economical

rapid

profitable to practice

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3
Q

advantages over histopathology

A

Round cell tumors-easier to detect

Detection, Identification of microorganisms

No shrinkage artifact

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4
Q

disadvantages

A

Non-diagnostic samples

No tissue architecture
- cant: characterize tissue invasion, see relationship with inflammation, distinguish hyperplasia from neoplasia in some tissues, grade tumors

Small sample size

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5
Q

Basic rules to specimen evaluation

A

1) Understand what normal looks like for various collection sites
2) Examine the ENTIRE specimen at low magnification
3) Only evaluate intact cells, avoid areas that are thick, understained
4) Recognize artifacts & contaminants

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6
Q

what is the start of a logical standard approach to cytology

A

inflammatory vs non-inflammatory

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7
Q

FNA slide preparation

A

Prepare films quickly (can use EDTA)

Too thick or broken cells = non-diagnostic

Air dry

Keep away from formalin!
– Don’t ship slides in same box with biopsy

Stain
– Diff-quik, Wright-Giemsa

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8
Q

non-diagnostic samples: only blood

A

Needle too large

Lesion is vascular

Lesion is mesenchymal tissue (connective tissue)

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9
Q

non-diagnostic samples: all cells broken

A

Material clotted prior to making smear

Not gentle enough when making smear

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10
Q

non-diagnostic samples: cells too thick to interpret

A

Didn’t spread cells out adequately

Made “squirt” preparation

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11
Q

non-diagnostic samples: nothing on slide

A

Missed lesion

Lipoma (fat dissolved in alcohol dip)

Lesion is connective tissue

Inadequate staining due to formalin fumes

Made preparation next to formalin

Mailed samples in same box with tissues fixed in formalin

Inadequate staining due to age of sample - Should stain within 4 to 5 days of making smear.

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12
Q

T/F ulcerated lesion may not have representative cells on imprint

A

true

bacteria and neutrophils almost always present

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13
Q

why should you not refrigerate slides

A

condensation and cell lysis

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14
Q

what will fingerprints on the slide result in

A

keratin artifacts

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15
Q

cytology of inflammatory lesion

A

what kind of inflammatory cells present

is inflammation due to infectious agent

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16
Q

organisms other than bacteria to look for

A

Systemic fungal diseases (Histoplasmosis, Cryptococcosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidiodomycosis)

Other fungal: Sporotrichosis, Aspergillus

Protozoal diseases (Leishmaniasis or Toxoplasmosis)

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17
Q

T/F if have lots of lymphoblasts you have lymphoma

A

true

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18
Q

how to recognize malignancy

A

1.Variability/pleomorphism (criteria of malignancy)

  1. Cells where they don’t belong.
    Eg, epithelial cells in lymph nodes or abdomiinal fluid.
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19
Q

T/F malignant neoplasms can have monotonous population of cells, usually have no significant inflammation, cellular piling

A

true

20
Q

Nuclear criteria of malignancy

A

Anisokaryosis (variation in size of nuclei)

Abnormally clumped chromatin

Abnormal nucleoli

Abnormal mitotic figures

Micronuclei (satellite nuclei)

Variable sized nuclei in same cell

Nuclear molding

21
Q

classification of neoplasms

A

Round (discrete) cell tumors

Tumors of epithelial origin

Tumors of connective tissue origin

22
Q

types of round cell tumors

A

Lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)

Plasma cell tumors

Histiocytomas

Transmissable venereal tumors

Malignant histiocytosis

23
Q

epithelial tumors

A

omas, adenomas, adenocarcinomas

Some have distinctive appearance, such as endocrine tumors, basal cell tumors, perianal gland tumors, etc.

24
Q

mesenchymal tumors

A

omas, sarcomas

Lipomas

hemangiopericytomas

hemangiosarcomas

osteosarcomas

chrondrosarcomas

25
Q

round cell tumors

A

cells usually individual (discrete)

usually plenty of cells present

circular cells with round nuclei, distinct cytoplasmic borders

may be well differentiated (mast cell tumors)

26
Q

T/F cutaneous and subcutaneous plasma cells tumors are typically benign in behavior

A

true

27
Q

plasma cell tumors in bone marrow

A

multiple myeloma

very malignant, serum glob will be increased

28
Q

Transmissible venereal tumors

A

Round cells with discrete vacuoles in the cytoplasm

TVT exfoliate readily, can imprint instead of aspirating

can be anywhere

29
Q

histocytoma

A

typically young dogs (4-8 m;

30
Q

malignant histiocytic tumors

A

usually in large breed dogs

can be either single tumors or systemic tumors like lymphoma

If they are everywhere they are referred to malignant histocytosis

Will have the round cells but will also have multi nucleated cells

Can be derived from the monocytes line in the bone marrow- will be phagocytic

31
Q

Mast cell tumors-summary

A

granules; Diff Quik problem (5%?); eosinophils

32
Q

Histiocytoma- summary

A

often young dog (can be any age), benign appearing

33
Q

TVT summary

A

location (+/-), cytoplasmic vacuoles, prominent nucleoli

34
Q

lymphoma summary

A

small amt of cytoplasm, usually blast cells

35
Q

plasma cell summary

A

eccentric nuclei, Golgi, abundant cytoplasm

36
Q

Malignant histiocytosis, histiocytic sarcoma summary

A

abundant vacuolated cytoplasm, many multinucleated cells, look like macrophages with criteria of malignancy

37
Q

epithelial tumors

A

cells in sheets or clusters

cells often large with abundant cytoplasm

38
Q

hepatoid tumors

A

resemble liver cells- lots of cytoplasm and single prominent nucleolus

Common, tend to be benign and responsive to testosterone: usually neuter at time of removal

39
Q

T/F is a lesion is proliferating and eroding it is usually a tumor or fungal infection

A

true

40
Q

mesenchymal tumors

A

Elongated nuclei and cytoplasmic tails (spindle cells)

Cells usually individual

Active fibroblasts resemble malignant mesenchymal cells

41
Q

soft tissue sarcomas

A

Fibrosarcoma

Hemangiopericytoma

Neurofibrosarcoma

Peripheral nerve sheath tumor

Poorly differentiated sarcoma

42
Q

T/F soft tissue sarcoma grading schemes are based on histopathology

A

true

43
Q

examples of epithelial tumors

A

SCC, Thyroid tumor

44
Q

non neoplastic, non inflammatory agents

A

Hematomas, seromas

Cysts

Some infectious agents
Eg, Cryptococcus, Malasezia

45
Q

what can you see with hematomas

A

macrophages have phagocytized RBCs and contain hemosiderin

46
Q

what are hematoid crystals

A

RBC breakdown product

47
Q

epidermal inclusion cysts

A

common in dogs

looks like brown toothpaste

make up of keratin

RUSVM Clin Path (11 decks)

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