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RUSVM Clin Path > Cytology of Cells > Flashcards

Cytology of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid Analysis

A

Note color, clarity, odor

Total protein - refractometry

Cell count (manual system, electronic cell counter)

Sediment cells if count

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2
Q

what are the important components of body cavity fluid analysis

A

cell concentration

protein concentration

types of cells present (inflammatory, organisms, neoplastic)

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3
Q

transudate

A

passive accumulation o fluid: low proteins and cells

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4
Q

prue transudates

A

form due to hypoalbuminemia

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5
Q

modified transudates

A

form due to impaired blood of lymph flow

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6
Q

exudates

A

form due to increased capillary permeability (inflammation)

high protein and cell count

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7
Q

properties of transudate

A

Appearance: Clear

Total Protein:

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8
Q

properties of exudate

A

Appearance: Cloudy

Total Protein: >3 g/dl

NCC: >6,000/μl

Clot form: Yes

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9
Q

fluid analysis: special biochemical tests

A

Creatinine if suspect uroabdomen

Triglyceride if suspect chylous effusion

Bilirubin if suspect bile leakage

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10
Q

T/F if removing fluid from thoracic cavity, best to use catheter, rather than needle, to avoid pneumothorax

A

true : pneumothoraxes are bad

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11
Q

what can happen if you accidentally aspirate liver when removing fluid from the thoracic cavity

A

may confuse hepatocytes with neoplastic cells

common in cats-sits pretty far forward

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12
Q

push films

A

similar to blood film

advantage: big cells at edge; disadvantage, cells often broken at edge

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13
Q

pull films

A

Place a drop of fluid on slide, place another slide on top, allow drop to spread, pull slides gently apart.

advantage, cells nicely spread out; disadvantage, no concentration of big cells

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14
Q

what is the only disabvantage of using diff quik

A

may not stain mast cell granules (~10% dont stain)

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15
Q

T/F all bacteria stain blue on wright’s stain

A

true

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16
Q

why can gram stains be misleading

A

when bacteria die, gram + may appear as gram -

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17
Q

types of inflammation

A

suppurative: neutrophils
mixed: segs, lymphs, macs, maybe eos
mononuclear: macrophages, lymphs

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18
Q

what is a potential cause of mononuclear inflammation

A

foreign body

mycobacterium

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19
Q

if you see different types of bacteria what is your best guess as to where they are coming from

A

Gut

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20
Q

Enterocentesis vs septic peritonitis

A

How many inflammatory cells present in fluid?

Clinical condition?

Leukogram?
- Expect inflammatory leukogram & likely neutropenia and left shift w/ GI rupture.

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21
Q

organisms of than bacteria to look for

A

systemic fungal diseases (Histoplasmosis, Cryptococcosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidiodomycosis)

Leishmaniasis or Toxoplasmosis

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22
Q

what cells are the bane of body cavity fluid cytology

A

mesothelial cells

look like neoplastic epithelial cells

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23
Q

how to distinguished mesothelial cells from neoplastic cells

A

Look at the number of these cells, usually with carcinomas see a lot more neoplastic cells

May see 3-4 clumps of mesothelial cells

Still very subjective

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24
Q

discrete

A

cells not hooked to each other

25
Q

Cell types encountered in neoplastic effusions

A

lymphoblasts

carcinoma cells

26
Q

criteria of malignancy

A

Variable nuclear size (anisokaryosis)

Large multiple nucleoli

Abnormal mitoses

Nuclear molding (Binucleate cell and one nucleus conforms the shape of the other)

27
Q

whats your diagnosis when see epithelial cells of variable sizes and prominent nuclei

A

pos. carcinoma

28
Q

what is the only disease that will have a higher Glob than albumin concentration with abdominal effusion

A

FIP

29
Q

high protein count with cell count lower than 20,000 what should you be thinking

A

FIP

30
Q

what is characteristic of FIP on cytology

A

background stained-amourphous protein:
• so proteinacious that it will peal up
• Stain sticks to protein (don’t confuse with bacteria- neutrophils would be falling apart)

31
Q

think FIP with:

A

High protein, relatively low cell concentration!!!

32
Q

T/F in almost all fluids the cholesterol will be higher than triglycerides

A

true

33
Q

chylous effusion

A

acute: predominantly small lymphocytes
longstanding: more inflammatory cells (neutrophils and macrophages)

34
Q

how can you confirm the presence of chyle

A

cholesterol: triglyceride ratio

compare triglyceride in fluid with serum (chyle high in triglycerides if eating)

35
Q

if chylous effusion is secondary to lymphoma

A

lymphoblasts are usually present

36
Q

what can brown fluid in the abdomen indicate

A

old blood

bile-more likely (measure bilirubin)

37
Q

2 year old cat with anorexia, weight loss, dyspnea

TP: 3.6, NCC- 15,700

A

Lymphoma

38
Q

T/F Do not expect to see sarcoma cells exfoliate into body cavity effusions. Only lymphomas and carcinomas tend to exfoliate.

A

true

39
Q

8 yr old German shepherd
Acute weakness, enlarged abdomen Pale mucous membranes, dyspnea

CBC- regenerative anemia, acanthocytes seen on smear
PCV - 18%
TP - 5.8 g/dl

Abdominal fluid analysis
Red, cloudy
TP - 6 g/dl
NCC - 10,000/μl
PCV - 24%
A

Dx: Hemangiosarcoma ruptured leading to hemoabdomen

40
Q

what should you be thinking with an inflammatory leukogram more bands than segs (bone marrow not keeping up)

A

peritonitis, septicemia- (severe demand for neutrophils)

overwhelming inflammatory focus someplace

41
Q

hypoglycemia in the face of degenerative left shift suggests

A

septicemia

42
Q

hypoalbuminemia

A

pure transudate

43
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

modified transudate, mixed cells

44
Q

lymphoma

A

lymphoblast in effusion

45
Q

cacinoma

A

neoplastic epithelial cells in effusion

46
Q

Feline infectious peritonitis

A

high protein, low cell concentration, mixture of cells

47
Q

bacterial infections

A

high cell concentration-neutrophils

bacteria

48
Q

chylous effusions

A

small lymphocytes acutely, then mixed

49
Q

uroabdomen

A

cells variable, CREA high

50
Q

T/F cell counts are helpful in joint fluid analysis because it is difficult to estimate

A

true

51
Q

normal cell values

A
52
Q

what cells are predominant in joints

A

large mononuclear:

  • macrophages
  • synovial lining cells
53
Q

types of inflammatory joint fluid

A

suppurative

mononuclear

54
Q

suppurative joint fluid

A

usually immune-mediated

if septic difficult to see bacteria

55
Q

mononuclear joint fluid

A

degenerative disease or trauma

56
Q

immune mediated joint inflammation

A

Low to high cellularity

Increase in nondegenerate neutrophils

Usually multiple joints

57
Q

infectious joint inflammation

A

High cell count.

Usually nondegenerate neurophils

Typically do not see the infectious agent

Usually single joint

58
Q

joint trauma

A

usually single joint

RUSVM Clin Path (11 decks)

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