Cytology

Question 1

Functions of the plasma Membrane

Answer 1

1. Defines the boundary of a cell
2. Governs Interactions with other cells
3. Maintains differences in chemical and electrical compositions between intercellular and extracellular fluid
4. Controls the passage of things inside and outside of the cell

Question 2

Cytoplasm

Answer 2

Material between the plasma membrane and the nucleous (everything inside the cell)

Question 3

Cytoskeleton

Answer 3

Supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules . Comprised of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubule.

Question 4

Functions of the Cytoskelton

Answer 4

1. Structurally support the cell
2. Determine cell shape
3. Organizes cell contents
4. Moves substances through the cell
5. Contribute to the movement of the cell as a whole

Question 5

Nucleus

Answer 5

Considered the genetic control center. Ribosomes are produced here. Stores chromosomes.

Question 6

Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear pores

Answer 6

Nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope consisting of 2 parallel membranes. The envelope is perforated with nuclear pores. These proteins regualte molecule traffic in/out of the nucleus

Question 7

Nucleoplasm

Answer 7

Material within the nucleus

Question 8

Chromosomes

Answer 8

long strands of DNA and proteins

Question 9

Chromatin

Answer 9

Collectively the chromosome filaments

Question 10

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 10

1. Membrane factory-manufactures integral proteins and phospholipids
2. Ribosomes manufacture all proteins secreted from cells. Well developed in secretory cells, antibody producing cells, and liver cells which produce plasma proteins.

Question 11

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 11

1. Synthesize cholesterol, metabolize lipids, synthesize the lipid components of lipid proteins
2. Detoxify drugs, pesticides, and cancer causing chemicals.

Question 12

Ribosomes

Answer 12

1. Read coded genetic messages from the nucleus, and assemble amino acids into proteins
2. Unattached ribosomes in the cytoplasm make enzymes and other proteins for use in the cytosol
3. Attached to the Rough ER make proteins that are packaged into lysosomes or secreted by the cell

Question 13

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 13

Major function is to modify,concentrate, and package the proteins and lipids made in the rough ER which are to be exported from the cell

Question 14

Lysosomes

Answer 14

1. Break down proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, phospholipids and other substances
2. Lysosomes digest and dispose of worn out mitochondria and other organelles (autophagy). Also responsible for cell suicide called apoptosis

Question 15

Perioxisomes

Answer 15

Abundant in the liver and kidneys where they neutralize free radical and DETOXIFY alcohol/other drugs.

Question 16

Mitochondria

Answer 16

Site of ATP synthesis, powerhouse of the cell

Question 17

Centrioles

Answer 17

Absolutely necessary for mitosis. Produces 2 spindles the asters and mitotic. Plays a role in cell division

Question 18

Which of the following is characteristic of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 18

Detoxifies alcohol and other drugs

Question 19

Stem Cells

Answer 19

Immature cells with the ability to develop into one or more types of mature specialized cells