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DMD 5241 > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Brightfield unstained

A

Little contrast in pigmented cells

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2
Q

Brightfield stained

A

Must preserve, stain offers contrast

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3
Q

Phase contrast

A

Unstained = LIVING CELLS, amplifies density

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4
Q

Differential interference “Namarski”

A

Differences in density, 3D image

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5
Q

Fluorescence

A

Antibodies can tag different molecules of the cell

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6
Q

Confocal

A

Use lasers to section fluorescently stained specimen

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7
Q

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes have no membrane bound nucleus, lack organelles, no lysosomes, usually smaller

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8
Q

Parts of a prokaryote

A

Pills, nucleoid, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule, flagella

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9
Q

Double membrane bound organelles

A

Nucleus and mitochondria

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10
Q

No membrane organelles

A

Nucleolus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Features of the plasma membrane

A

Amphipathic, selective barrier, fluid mosaic

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12
Q

Where are tight junctions found?

A

The apical end of the membrane, and typically in the gut

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13
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Loose junctions around the cell, typically in between cells, usually found on epithelial cells

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14
Q

Gap junctions

A

Holes connecting neighboring cells to share nutrients

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15
Q

How does light microscopy work?

A

Light come out from the source at the bottom then goes through the condenser lens, specimen, objective lens, bounces off a mirror, through the projector lens then to eye

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16
Q

What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

A

Hetero - dense, coiled, not active

Eu - diffuse, open, spread out

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17
Q

If a protein needs to be secreted out of a cell after translation, what must happen?

A

The ribosome must bring the protein to the ER before its done translating

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18
Q

T/F. The ER is continuous with the nucleus

A

True. It’s in direct contact with the nuclear pore

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19
Q

What does the ER do?

A

Detoxification, ion storage, makes new membranes

20
Q

What are some endosomal compartments?

A

Endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, recycling compartments

21
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

Determines cell shape, locomotion, intravenous are trafficking

22
Q

Microfilaments

A

Smallest, made of tight and loose junctions

ex: actin and myosin - parallel, planar, polar, anchorage

23
Q

Microtubules

A

Largest, hollow
Involved in cilia, flagella, militia spindle
Ex - dynein and kinesin are motor proteins

24
Q

What is the arrangement of microtubules in cilia and flagella?

A

9 fused pairs on the outside of a cylinder with 2 infused in the middle

25
Q

What is the point of intermediate filaments?

A

To maintain architectural support and stability

26
Q

Role of DNA in protein synthesis

A
  1. The nucleus contains chromosomes
  2. Chromosomes contain DNA
  3. DNA stores genetic info for proteins
  4. Proteins determine cell structure and function
27
Q

Helicase

A

Breaks daughter strands and unwinds

28
Q

Dna primase

A

Sets the RNA primer to get ready for base pairing

29
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Recognizes primer and goes to town to add nucleotides

30
Q

DNa ligase

A

Fills in Okazaki fragments

31
Q

Can polar molecules pass through membrane easily?

A

No. Need membrane transport proteins

32
Q

Simple diffusion

A

No energy needed

Small NP molecules can move easily across membrane based on size, temp, and concentration gradient

33
Q

Carrier mediated transport

A

Can be limited by carrier specificity, become saturated, or be regulated by hormones or other signals

34
Q

Active transport

A

Energy needed, against gradient

35
Q

Two types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis - food

Pinocytosis - drink

36
Q

What is a clathrin coated pit?

A

A vesicle coated with clathrin, can beat formed in receptor mediated endocytosis

37
Q

What happens in G1 phase?

A

Allows cells to grow in size and make proteins

38
Q

M phase

A

Mitosis

39
Q

What happens in G0 phase?

A

Cells are done dividing, like muscle cells and neurons, will last a while then die

40
Q

G2 phase?

A

Cells prepare for division

41
Q

S phase?

A

Synthesis, DNA replication

42
Q

Parts of mitosis

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Two identical 2n daughter cells

43
Q

Meiosis

A

Make 4 haploid genetically different daughter cells

44
Q

What is nondisjunction and when does it occur?

A

When chromosomes do not divide evenly. Can happen in anaphase 1 or 2

45
Q

What is crossover?

A

The exchange of genetic material of HOMOLOGUS chromosomes during meiosis

46
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death by disease

47
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death, desirable, determined, must make room for other cells

DMD 5241 (10 decks)

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