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Cytology > Cytology 1 > Flashcards

Cytology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biology

A

is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy

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2
Q

What is the life

A

There is no universal definition of life

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3
Q

The main properties of life:

A

1- Birth 2-Reproduction 3-Growth 4-Hereditary
5-Recycling 6-Metabolism 7-Energy consuming
8-Protein synthesis 9-Enzymatic reactions 10-Genetic material DNA and (or) RNA 11-Senescence 12-Dying or Apoptosis

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4
Q

What are the basic unit of structure in every living thing.

A

Cells

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5
Q

What is a scientific discipline that studies cell their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles
they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death.

A

Cytology

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6
Q

Who described a honeycomb-like
network of cells in cork slice using his
primitive microscope.

A

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

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7
Q

Who described cells in a drop of pond water using a microscope.
He was the first person to observe bacteria and protozoa.

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

1632–1723

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8
Q

Who is , a German botanist, concluded that all plant

tissues are composed of cells

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

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9
Q

Who is a German biologist, reached the same conclusion as Schleiden about animal tissue being
composed of cells.

A

Theodor Schwann

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10
Q

Who came to an end that “All living things are composed of cells and cell products“

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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11
Q

Each cell in the body has exactly the same what?

A

genome

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12
Q

What is the difference between cell types

A

the pattern of gene expression

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13
Q

What is gene expression

A

it means which genes are turned on and

which genes are turned off

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14
Q

Genes that code for enzymes involved in what?

A

detoxification are transcribed in
liver cells, (but there is no need for
them to be expressed in neurons)

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15
Q

What is the basic life functions?

A

Being alive and survive:
cell respiration, feeding, cellular respiration,
proliferation….

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16
Q

What is the specific functions?

A

Being a part of the organism and do the something for it:

Protection, breath, digestion, reproduction….

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17
Q

What can replicate only inside
the living cells of an organism, so
are not truly alive themselves

A

A Virus

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18
Q

What consists of two or three parts: the genetic material made from either DNA or RNA; a protein coat for protection; and in some cases an envelope of lipids that surrounds the protein coat when they are outside a cell.

A

Virus particles

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19
Q

All life processes - the functions like
feeding, locomotion, reproduction,
etc. are carried out by what?

A

by the single cell
in single-celled organisms in order
for survive this cell.

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20
Q

What is the process of an individual growth of organism, from the fertilized egg to mature form and until dead.

A

Ontogenesis

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21
Q

Development of multi-cellular organisms (ontogenesis)

was determined by the following processes:

A

1.Proliferation;
2.Differentiation;
3.Movement;
4.Apoptosis.
And finally occurs Morphogenesis (5)

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22
Q

What is the increase in cell number as a result of cell

growth and division?

A

Cell Proliferation

23
Q

Cell division with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells that is the same size as the original zygote, is called?

A

cleavage

24
Q

What is the earliest stage of cell differentiation

A

It is cell determination where the cells become committed to a subset of cell fates.

25
Q

What is the process by which embryonic cells become

different from one another (by function and structure).

A

Cell differentiation

26
Q

What is a highly regulated process that allows a cell to self-degrade in order for the body to eliminate unwanted or dysfunctional cells.

A

Apoptosis, or programmed cell

death

27
Q

What is essential to embryonic development and the maintenance of homeostasis in multicellular organisms.

A

Apoptosis

28
Q

What is Prokaryot

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Cyanobacteria
  3. Mycoplasma
29
Q

What is Eukaryot

A
  1. Animal
  2. Plant
  3. Fungi
30
Q

How big are prokaryotes ?

A

1-10 micrometers

31
Q

What does not have an organized nucleus?

A

prokaryotes

32
Q

Genetic information is circular and lying in cytoplasm

in the nucleoid region for what?

A

prokaryotes

33
Q

What Only have a ribosome?

A

prokaryotes

34
Q

What does not have a cytoskeleton?

A

prokaryotes

35
Q

How big are eukaryotes?

A

10-100 micrometers

36
Q

What Have an organized nucleus?

A

eukaryotes

37
Q

Genetic information is linear and surrounded by the

nuclear envelope for what?

A

eukaryotes

38
Q

What has many more organelles:
ER, lysosome, mitochondrion, Golgi body, ribosome;
Have a cytoskeleton.?

A

eukaryotes

39
Q

What is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples and objects that cannot be seen with the unaided eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye).

A

Microscopy

40
Q

There are three well known branches of

microscopy:

A

1-optical (light)
2-electron
3-scanning

41
Q

What is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye.

A

microscope

42
Q

The light microscope, so called because it what?

A

employs

visible light to detect small objects.

43
Q

is a device used to see exceptionally small objects by focusing beams of electrons.

A

electron microscope

44
Q

What is the smallest distance between two

particles at which they can be seen as separate objects

A

The resolving power

45
Q

The maximal resolving power of the light

microscope is approximately what?

A

0,2-0,1 μm(micrometers)

46
Q

1 millimeter (mm) = ???

A

1000 micrometers

47
Q

1 micrometers (mkm or μm)=

A

1000 nanometers

48
Q

1 nanometer (nm)=

A

1000 pycnometer (pm)

49
Q

1 nanometer=

A

10 angstrom (Ǻ)

50
Q

What is useful on specimens that are colorless and transparent and usually difficult to distinguish from their surroundings, it can be used with living, cultured
cells.

A

Phase Contrast Microscopy

51
Q

What produces an image of living cells with a more apparent threedimensional (3D) aspect and have the same usage as Phase Contrast Microscopy.

A

Interferential Microscopy

52
Q

What produces an image only of material of stained or unstained structures having repetitive, periodic
macromolecular structure.

A

Polarizing light microscopy

53
Q

What uses beam of electrons to form an image.

A

Transmission electron microscope

TEM

54
Q

What produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.

A

Scanning electron microscope

SEM

Cytology (2 decks)

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