Cytology 1 Flashcards
What is Biology
is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy
What is the life
There is no universal definition of life
The main properties of life:
1- Birth 2-Reproduction 3-Growth 4-Hereditary
5-Recycling 6-Metabolism 7-Energy consuming
8-Protein synthesis 9-Enzymatic reactions 10-Genetic material DNA and (or) RNA 11-Senescence 12-Dying or Apoptosis
What are the basic unit of structure in every living thing.
Cells
What is a scientific discipline that studies cell their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles
they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death.
Cytology
Who described a honeycomb-like
network of cells in cork slice using his
primitive microscope.
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
Who described cells in a drop of pond water using a microscope.
He was the first person to observe bacteria and protozoa.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1632–1723
Who is , a German botanist, concluded that all plant
tissues are composed of cells
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
Who is a German biologist, reached the same conclusion as Schleiden about animal tissue being
composed of cells.
Theodor Schwann
Who came to an end that “All living things are composed of cells and cell products“
Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
Each cell in the body has exactly the same what?
genome
What is the difference between cell types
the pattern of gene expression
What is gene expression
it means which genes are turned on and
which genes are turned off
Genes that code for enzymes involved in what?
detoxification are transcribed in
liver cells, (but there is no need for
them to be expressed in neurons)
What is the basic life functions?
Being alive and survive:
cell respiration, feeding, cellular respiration,
proliferation….
What is the specific functions?
Being a part of the organism and do the something for it:
Protection, breath, digestion, reproduction….
What can replicate only inside
the living cells of an organism, so
are not truly alive themselves
A Virus
What consists of two or three parts: the genetic material made from either DNA or RNA; a protein coat for protection; and in some cases an envelope of lipids that surrounds the protein coat when they are outside a cell.
Virus particles
All life processes - the functions like
feeding, locomotion, reproduction,
etc. are carried out by what?
by the single cell
in single-celled organisms in order
for survive this cell.
What is the process of an individual growth of organism, from the fertilized egg to mature form and until dead.
Ontogenesis
Development of multi-cellular organisms (ontogenesis)
was determined by the following processes:
1.Proliferation;
2.Differentiation;
3.Movement;
4.Apoptosis.
And finally occurs Morphogenesis (5)
What is the increase in cell number as a result of cell
growth and division?
Cell Proliferation
Cell division with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells that is the same size as the original zygote, is called?
cleavage
What is the earliest stage of cell differentiation
It is cell determination where the cells become committed to a subset of cell fates.
What is the process by which embryonic cells become
different from one another (by function and structure).
Cell differentiation
What is a highly regulated process that allows a cell to self-degrade in order for the body to eliminate unwanted or dysfunctional cells.
Apoptosis, or programmed cell
death
What is essential to embryonic development and the maintenance of homeostasis in multicellular organisms.
Apoptosis
What is Prokaryot
- Bacteria
- Cyanobacteria
- Mycoplasma
What is Eukaryot
- Animal
- Plant
- Fungi
How big are prokaryotes ?
1-10 micrometers
What does not have an organized nucleus?
prokaryotes
Genetic information is circular and lying in cytoplasm
in the nucleoid region for what?
prokaryotes
What Only have a ribosome?
prokaryotes
What does not have a cytoskeleton?
prokaryotes
How big are eukaryotes?
10-100 micrometers
What Have an organized nucleus?
eukaryotes
Genetic information is linear and surrounded by the
nuclear envelope for what?
eukaryotes
What has many more organelles:
ER, lysosome, mitochondrion, Golgi body, ribosome;
Have a cytoskeleton.?
eukaryotes
What is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples and objects that cannot be seen with the unaided eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye).
Microscopy
There are three well known branches of
microscopy:
1-optical (light)
2-electron
3-scanning
What is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye.
microscope
The light microscope, so called because it what?
employs
visible light to detect small objects.
is a device used to see exceptionally small objects by focusing beams of electrons.
electron microscope
What is the smallest distance between two
particles at which they can be seen as separate objects
The resolving power
The maximal resolving power of the light
microscope is approximately what?
0,2-0,1 μm(micrometers)
1 millimeter (mm) = ???
1000 micrometers
1 micrometers (mkm or μm)=
1000 nanometers
1 nanometer (nm)=
1000 pycnometer (pm)
1 nanometer=
10 angstrom (Ǻ)
What is useful on specimens that are colorless and transparent and usually difficult to distinguish from their surroundings, it can be used with living, cultured
cells.
Phase Contrast Microscopy
What produces an image of living cells with a more apparent threedimensional (3D) aspect and have the same usage as Phase Contrast Microscopy.
Interferential Microscopy
What produces an image only of material of stained or unstained structures having repetitive, periodic
macromolecular structure.
Polarizing light microscopy
What uses beam of electrons to form an image.
Transmission electron microscope
TEM
What produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
Scanning electron microscope
SEM
