Cytokines Flashcards
Which has more sites of production, cytokines or hormones?
Cytokines
Which has more targets (per molecule), cytokines or hormones?
hormones
Which acts more locally, cytokines or hormones?
Cytokines
Which has more redundancy and pleiotropy, cytokines or hormones?
Cytokines
Which is more likely to be found in circulation, cytokines or hormones?
hormones
What are 6 ways that cytokine action is restricted to local sites?
- Producers close to responders
- Small amounts secreted
- Directional release
- Destruction by endocytosis
- Binding to extracellular matrix (restricts movement)
- Deactivation in the bloodstream (soluble receptors, binding proteins, receptor antagonists)
What are 2 examples of cytokines that can remain membrane bound?
IL-1 and TNFa
What is intacrine signaling? What are 2 examples of cytokines that can perform intacrine signaling
Stimulating a response from within the cell that produces the cytokine prior to excretion; pro IL-1a, TGF-B, FGF
What is the term for a cytokine having multiple biologic effects?
Pleiotropy
What is the term for multiple cytokines sharing the same biological effect?
Redundancy
TGF-B inhibits the proliferation of epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells, and stimulates the proliferation of _______.
Fibroblasts
TGF-B represses inflammatory cytokine production in ______, and stimulates PDGF in ________.
Macrophages, Fibroblasts
TGF-B in low levels can promote healing, but at high levels can cause __________.
Exuberant granulation and fibrosis
What is the term for cytokines having a greater-than-additive effect on one another’s actions?
Synergy
What is the term for cytokines inhibiting or cancelling out each others actions?
Antagonism
What two cytokines work synergistically to promote IgE production?
IL-4 and IL-13
What two cytokines work synergistically to promote macrophage killing of microbes?
TNFa and IFNy
____ is a natural antagonist to IL-1; it binds its receptor but doesn’t activate it.
IL-1ra
Name two cytokines that antagonize the production of TNFa in response to IL-1
TGF-B, IL-10
Name a cytokine that antagonizes the induction of a Th2 response by IL-4
IFNy
Name a cytokine that antagonizes the induction of a Th1 response by IFNy and IL-12
IL-4
What is the term for when a primary cytokine stimulates the production of secondary cytokines, which stimulate production of tertiary cytokines, etc.?
Cytokine cascade
True or False: All cells can produce cytokines
True
Which cell type is capable of producing the greatest amount of cytokines? What is the second-most prolific cytokine producer?
Macrophages; Keratinocytes
Type I cytokine receptors include common gamma chain, common beta chain, and gp130 receptors. Name some cytokines with common gamma chain receptors
IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, IL-21
Type II cytokine receptors include _______ as well as some interleukins
Interferons
Many chemokines have ______ coupled, or serpentine, receptors
G-protein
Pro-inflammatory cytokines tend to support ______ immune function, which activates ______ immune response
innate; adaptive
____ Cell cytokines support acquired immune response, including humoral and cell-mediated responses
T-Cell
Name some pro-inflammatory cytokines
IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-12,
IL-17, TNFa
Name some anti-inflammatory cytokines
TGF-B, IL-10 (sometimes IL-4 or IL-6)
Name some inflammatory chemokines
CCL17 (TARC), CCL11 (EOTAXIN), CCL26 (EOTAXIN3, or MIP-4a), CCL5 (RANTES), CX3CL1 (FRACTALKINE), CXCL8 (IL-8)
Name some primary cytokines
IL-1, TNFa, TNFB, IL-18
Which group of cytokines communicates between lymphocytes and other leukocytes?
Interleukins
Which group of cytokines stimulate cell growth and proliferation?
growth factors and colony stimulating factors
Which cytokines act as chemotactic factors?
Chemokines
Which cytokines are most important in viral immunity?
Interferons
Which cytokines are often involved in the apoptosis pathways?
Tumor Necrosis Factors
Which class of cytokines is produced by macrophages in the presence of PAMPs and DAMPs?
TNFs
Between TNFa and IL-1, which can trigger apoptosis?
TNFa
Between TNFa and IL-1, which can directly stimulate lymphocyte proliferation?
IL-1
Between TNFa and IL-1, which activates the NF-kB pathway?
BOTH
Which IL-1 molecule is constitutively formed in its active form in keratinocytes?
IL-1a
Which IL-1 molecule needs to be cleaved by ICE to become active?
IL-1B
Which IL-1 molecule is the “dummy” produced by neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages?
IL-1RA
What is the most important cemotactic agent for neutrophils?
IL-8 (CXCL8)
Which cytokines might help produce a fever
IL-1, TNFa (IL-6)
