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Vet Derm Boards prep > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Which has more sites of production, cytokines or hormones?

A

Cytokines

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2
Q

Which has more targets (per molecule), cytokines or hormones?

A

hormones

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3
Q

Which acts more locally, cytokines or hormones?

A

Cytokines

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4
Q

Which has more redundancy and pleiotropy, cytokines or hormones?

A

Cytokines

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5
Q

Which is more likely to be found in circulation, cytokines or hormones?

A

hormones

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6
Q

What are 6 ways that cytokine action is restricted to local sites?

A
  1. Producers close to responders
  2. Small amounts secreted
  3. Directional release
  4. Destruction by endocytosis
  5. Binding to extracellular matrix (restricts movement)
  6. Deactivation in the bloodstream (soluble receptors, binding proteins, receptor antagonists)
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7
Q

What are 2 examples of cytokines that can remain membrane bound?

A

IL-1 and TNFa

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8
Q

What is intacrine signaling? What are 2 examples of cytokines that can perform intacrine signaling

A

Stimulating a response from within the cell that produces the cytokine prior to excretion; pro IL-1a, TGF-B, FGF

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9
Q

What is the term for a cytokine having multiple biologic effects?

A

Pleiotropy

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10
Q

What is the term for multiple cytokines sharing the same biological effect?

A

Redundancy

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11
Q

TGF-B inhibits the proliferation of epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells, and stimulates the proliferation of _______.

A

Fibroblasts

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12
Q

TGF-B represses inflammatory cytokine production in ______, and stimulates PDGF in ________.

A

Macrophages, Fibroblasts

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13
Q

TGF-B in low levels can promote healing, but at high levels can cause __________.

A

Exuberant granulation and fibrosis

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14
Q

What is the term for cytokines having a greater-than-additive effect on one another’s actions?

A

Synergy

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15
Q

What is the term for cytokines inhibiting or cancelling out each others actions?

A

Antagonism

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16
Q

What two cytokines work synergistically to promote IgE production?

A

IL-4 and IL-13

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17
Q

What two cytokines work synergistically to promote macrophage killing of microbes?

A

TNFa and IFNy

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18
Q

____ is a natural antagonist to IL-1; it binds its receptor but doesn’t activate it.

A

IL-1ra

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19
Q

Name two cytokines that antagonize the production of TNFa in response to IL-1

A

TGF-B, IL-10

20
Q

Name a cytokine that antagonizes the induction of a Th2 response by IL-4

A

IFNy

21
Q

Name a cytokine that antagonizes the induction of a Th1 response by IFNy and IL-12

A

IL-4

22
Q

What is the term for when a primary cytokine stimulates the production of secondary cytokines, which stimulate production of tertiary cytokines, etc.?

A

Cytokine cascade

23
Q

True or False: All cells can produce cytokines

A

True

24
Q

Which cell type is capable of producing the greatest amount of cytokines? What is the second-most prolific cytokine producer?

A

Macrophages; Keratinocytes

25
Q

Type I cytokine receptors include common gamma chain, common beta chain, and gp130 receptors. Name some cytokines with common gamma chain receptors

A

IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, IL-21

26
Q

Type II cytokine receptors include _______ as well as some interleukins

A

Interferons

27
Q

Many chemokines have ______ coupled, or serpentine, receptors

A

G-protein

28
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokines tend to support ______ immune function, which activates ______ immune response

A

innate; adaptive

29
Q

____ Cell cytokines support acquired immune response, including humoral and cell-mediated responses

A

T-Cell

30
Q

Name some pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-12,

IL-17, TNFa

31
Q

Name some anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

TGF-B, IL-10 (sometimes IL-4 or IL-6)

32
Q

Name some inflammatory chemokines

A

CCL17 (TARC), CCL11 (EOTAXIN), CCL26 (EOTAXIN3, or MIP-4a), CCL5 (RANTES), CX3CL1 (FRACTALKINE), CXCL8 (IL-8)

33
Q

Name some primary cytokines

A

IL-1, TNFa, TNFB, IL-18

34
Q

Which group of cytokines communicates between lymphocytes and other leukocytes?

A

Interleukins

35
Q

Which group of cytokines stimulate cell growth and proliferation?

A

growth factors and colony stimulating factors

36
Q

Which cytokines act as chemotactic factors?

A

Chemokines

37
Q

Which cytokines are most important in viral immunity?

A

Interferons

38
Q

Which cytokines are often involved in the apoptosis pathways?

A

Tumor Necrosis Factors

39
Q

Which class of cytokines is produced by macrophages in the presence of PAMPs and DAMPs?

A

TNFs

40
Q

Between TNFa and IL-1, which can trigger apoptosis?

A

TNFa

41
Q

Between TNFa and IL-1, which can directly stimulate lymphocyte proliferation?

A

IL-1

42
Q

Between TNFa and IL-1, which activates the NF-kB pathway?

A

BOTH

43
Q

Which IL-1 molecule is constitutively formed in its active form in keratinocytes?

A

IL-1a

44
Q

Which IL-1 molecule needs to be cleaved by ICE to become active?

A

IL-1B

45
Q

Which IL-1 molecule is the “dummy” produced by neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages?

A

IL-1RA

46
Q

What is the most important cemotactic agent for neutrophils?

A

IL-8 (CXCL8)

47
Q

Which cytokines might help produce a fever

A

IL-1, TNFa (IL-6)

Vet Derm Boards prep (5 decks)

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